Origin and Development of the Conipositce. 83 
L, K, and O, occur (cp. Fig. 18). Of these primitive types the 
lower forms, A, B, D and O, occur in Senecio. 
Cichoriece. The pappus here may be absent or reduced to the 
fimbriato-coroniform type ; usually, however, there are one, two or 
more rows of scabrid setae. In Tragopogon and its allies the setae 
are usually plumose, frequently very elaborately so, with the 
primary and secondary cilia forming a network. The setae are 
frequently connate at the base and deciduous, either singly or in a 
ring if connate. 
In Cichorinm there are two or three rows of short, connate 
paleae, giving type N, but in allied genera the paleae are fewer, longer 
and fimbriato-paleaceous, sometimes prolonged into awns as in 
type G, sometimes, as in Hynioionema, there are numerous 
barbellate setae in the external rows and fewer sub-paleaceous setae 
in the inner rows. This duplex or triplex pappus, apparently 
foliose in one row and setose in others, is very difficult to explain 
by the phyllome theory but has a quite simple and obvious 
explanation if the fusion of setae is a “critical tendency,” as advocated 
in Section B. A transition to the corneo-coroniform type occurs 
in Koelpinia, where the aristae are short and connate at the base. 
Calendulece. Setae are rare in this tribe; Dipterocome has five 
to ten setae with the addition of two appendages of type R and a 
few species of Osteosperinuni have one row of scabrid setae. In the 
other genera the pappus is either absent or of types N or Qb. 
Arctotidece. According to the previous data Ursinia is probably 
the basal genus here. The pappus of that genus is composed of 
five paleae of type M. The compound setose character is obvious 
as mentioned above and it will be noted that type E occurs in the 
Senecioninae. In addition, however, a few setiform paleae of type 
F or G are sometimes present as an inner row, so that we have 
the complete series of allied forms in this genus and the sub-tribe 
from which it is suggested to have arisen. In the other genera of 
the Arctotidinae the paleae are usally numerous, types I or K; typeF 
occurs in Haplocarplux , a modified combination of types N and Qa 
in Cryptostemma and numerous paleae of type I in Arctotis. The 
pappus is absent in a few genera. 
The chief genus in the Gorteriinae is Berkheya, which has a 
pappus essentially similar to that of Arctotis , but with type G 
appearing occasionally. The only other large genus is Gazania 
in which the numerous, narrow setae of type F are sometimes 
difficult to distinguish from the hairs of the cypsela. The 
