Origin and Development of the Composites. 85 
of setae of type A, or occasionally the setae are barbellate or sub- 
plumose at the apex, and may be free or connate in various ways 
at the base. The latter is similar, but the setae are never in more 
than one row and sometimes have the cilia of the plumose apex 
fused, giving thickened and club-like setae. Here also the setae are 
free or connate at the base. The other genera are mostly setose 
and similar to the above, connation at the base being common and 
leading to the paleaceous and fhnbriato-coroniform types in a few 
genera of the Helichryseae. 
The barbellate and sub-plumose types of the primitive genera 
develop in others into types plumose at the base, as in Helipterum 
or at the apex, as in Podotheca, or the setae may be scabrid, 
barbellate or plumose, as in Waitzia. Types A, D, E, F, G, M and 
and N occur in this sub-tribe, the primitive types A and D 
predominating. 
Types A and D are characteristic of the Tarchonanthinae (cp. 
Fig. 7, Chap. II). The higher types L and K occur in several of the 
Filagininae, but this sub-tribe also shows types A and D in two of 
the chief genera, Filago and Ifloga , and type N in two smaller genera. 
The pappus may be absent occasionally in most genera and is never 
present in several. 
Types A and D are again common in the Plucheinae (cp. Fig. 7), 
but type E occurs in Pterigeron and F in two small genera. The 
relatively higher type D is commoner in the Inulinae than in the lower 
groups (cp. Fig. 7), as are also types E, F and K, while in a few 
isolated genera the number of paleae becomes reduced. The pappus 
may be in one to several rows and is frequently in two, the inner 
setose and the outer paleaceous. 
The Angianthinae, Relhaniinae and Athrixiinae show a very 
similar range, varying even in the same genus from type A to types 
K or M, and showing in general the types on the evolutionary lines 
leading to types 1 and M (see Fig. 18). 
The Buphthalminae are of special interest as an intermediate 
group (cp. Fig. 7). Most of the genera have only one or two species 
and setae of type A occur only in Gymnarrhena. Similar setae but 
with the apex barbellato-plumose occur in Rhanterium. In the 
other genera the pappus is either absent or paleaceous of various 
types. Even in Gymnarrhena there is an external row of eight to 
ten setae of type F, and in Rhanterium the setae are reduced to four 
or five. The paleae in the other genera are usually numerous and 
short, sometimes fused to give type N, sometimes prolonged into 
aristae, as in type G. 
