86 
James Small. 
Cynarecz. The Centaureinae is taken as the primitive sub-tribe 
and in the chief genus, Centaurea, vve find a wide range of pappus, 
forms; the setae are in numerous rows and show various stages in 
fusion from the inner setae of type A to the outer short paleae of type 
K; types A, C, D, E, F, H, K, L and M occur, some of them in the 
same species, some of them in different species of this diversified 
genus. This covers the range in the other genera but these show a 
more limited variety of pappus forms. The plumoso-setose type is 
frequent in the Carduinae but types A, B, C, D and F occur and are 
frequently connate at the base, a condition which is not common in 
the Centaureinae. Gyninarrhena is, therefore, a very good inter¬ 
mediate form, leading on to Centatirea on one hand and by a similar 
development of paleaceous seta to the rest of the Buphthalminae on 
the other. 
The Plucheinae were suggested as an alternative source for the 
Cynareae (Chap. IV, F), but the pappus of the chief genera in that 
sub-tribe is of type A, so that it seems more probable that the 
Centaureinae, at least, have come from the Buphthalminae. Poly- 
phyly is, of course, possible and the Plucheinae would form a probable 
source of the Carduinae. 
Type E is strongly developed in the Carlininae but paleaceous 
types also occur and show a tendency to reduction, e.g., in 
Xeranthenium, where the pappus may be absent or composed of 
minute paleae. This leads on to the Echinopsidinae where the 
pappus is of types F or N. 
Mutisiecz. Here the Nassauviinae are the primitive sub-tribe. 
The corolla form of Nassauvia (see Fig. 10, Chap. IV), suggests 
that genus as primitive but the pappus is frequently more or less 
paleaceous and the genus has a very peculiar habit. Perezia and 
Trixis are two of the chief genera and have the pappus of type A ; 
of these two genera, Perezia has a very distinct habit and involucre, 
while Trixis closely approaches Senecio in several of its plant forms 
and in its involucre. It will be noted that the hairs on the cypsela 
are also very similar (see above Sect. A), and that the style is the 
same as that of Senecio. It only requires a development of basal 
appendages to the anthers (these appendages are already present 
in a number of species of Senecio) and the development of bilabiate 
florets throughout the capitulum (which it has been suggested is 
the effect of excessive nutrition, Chap. IV, C) to change a Senecio 
into a Trixis. The mutations necessary for some, at least, of the 
generic differences in the Compositse will be seen from this to be 
