Origin and Development of the Composite. 87 
quite small, (cp. the origin of the Cichoriese from the Senecioneae» 
Chap. IV, B). 
In the other genera of the Nassauviinae types D and E are 
common ; type F and a type between E and M occur in Nassauvia, 
and the number of paleae may be reduced in that genus and is 
usually so in Triptilion. Types E, F and G occur in the 
Barnadesiinae and types A-F in the Onoseridinae. In connection 
with the suggestion of Mutisia as the primitive genus in the latter 
sub-tribe (see Chap. IV, F), it is interesting to note that the pappus 
there is the same as the dominant form in the Nassauviinae, i.e., 
type E. 
The Gerberinae are suggested to have come from Mutisia but 
type A is the commonest pappus-form in this sub-tribe, while Mutisia 
shows only type F. An allied genus, Onosens, has type A pappus 
and on this point seems a more probable source. Types D and E 
also occur in the Gerberinae. The plumoso-setose type is dominant 
in the Gochnatiinae but types A, C, D, K and M occur in a few 
species. The appearance of the paleaceous types confirms the 
position of this sub-tribe, but the evidence of all the characters of 
the florets supports the conclusion that Mutisia gave the Gochnati¬ 
inae and Onoseris the Gerberinae. 
Vernoniece. The chief genus in this tribe is Veniouia, and the 
other genera are really more or less sub-genera of this large one. 
Most of the floral characters point to Veniouia being the primitive 
genus of the tribe and this is also borne out by the pappus. There 
are usually two, sometimes three, rows of setae, which are frequently 
all type A and numerous ; the inner row is usually of type A but 
occasionally of types F or K, and may be free or connate at the 
base ; the outer row is usually of an abbreviated type K but quite 
frequently is setose scabrid (type A). A reduced number of setae is 
present in some species especially in the African and Asiatic sections, 
or the pappus may be altogether absent. If this range of variation 
be compared with that of Seuecio and more closely with that of 
Liabum (see above) the derivation of Veniouia from Senecio via 
Liabum is seen to involve only a few changes in the characters of 
the florets. 
Type A is commonest in the rest of the Vernoniinae ; in a few 
genera types N, F and K occur and the pappus is occasionally 
absent. 
Paleaceous types are dominant in the Lychnophorinae, while two 
of the chief genera frequently show type A but types F and K also 
