8 $ James Smalt. 
occur in these genera, and the fimbriato-coroniform type is shown 
by other smaller genera. 
Astcrece. The Homochrominae is taken as the primitive sub¬ 
tribe ; type A is dominant with type D as a common variation and 
types F and O in a few genera. In the small genus, Homochroma, 
the setae are plumose, type E. There is also a tendency to 
abbreviation and connation of the setae. This same tendency is 
more strongly developed in the Bellidinae, leading in most genera 
to type N or to complete reduction. In the chief genus, Bradhycome, 
abbreviated forms of types A and F occur and are sometimes 
connate, so that it is probable that the Bellidinae have arisen from 
the Homochrominae. 
Type A is again dominant in the Conyzinae and Baccharidinae, 
with a tendency to connation at the base in a few genera and the 
same approach to type F, and more rarely to type E, as occurs in 
the Homochrominae. 
The five chief genera of the Heterochrominae are Aster, 
Erigeron, Olearia, Felicia and Celmisia and these all show type A. 
There is, however, a large number of smaller genera in which types 
D, F or O occur, Types E, N and M occur more rarely. The 
advanced position of the Heterochrominae compared with that of the 
Homochrominae, which was suggested by the colour of the corolla 
(Chap. IV, D), is confirmed by the greater development of the types 
E, P and O in the former sub-tribe. 
The pappus is frequently absent in the small sub-tribe, 
Grangeinae, and when present is usually of tbe reduced type N, or 
an abbreviated form of the fimbriato-paleaceous type K, which is 
very closely allied to type N. 
Eupatoriece. The primitive sub-tribe here is the Ageratinae and 
within the sub-tribe the Eupatorium-Mikania group is basal. In 
these two genera type A is the usual pappus-form; the setae are 
frequently connate at the base and type D also occurs rarely. There 
is a marked tendency to fusion of the setae, and types E, F, G, K 
and O all occur. Reduction is sometimes present giving type N, 
or no pappus at all, or the number of aristae or paleae, which varies 
from many to two, may be reduced to five, ten or twelve. This 
reduced number of members may or may not be associated with the 
vascular bundles of the pericarp but when ten or five are usually so 
associated. 
This tendency to reduction shows clearly in Sclerolepis, a 
transition genus between the Ageratinae and Piqueriinae (see 61b, 
