James Small. 
suggested in Fig. 7 is emphasised by the pappus characters. In the 
Galinsoginae the tendency to lateral fusion shown in the Verbesininae 
is further developed, the pappus being usually of types G or M. 
The Madiinae have more in common with the Coreopsidinae in that 
type N is dominant, but type G occurs in Wilkesia, and occasionally 
in Layia, which genus also shows type E, which it will be 
remembered gives type M (see Figs. 17-18). Type K also occurs 
occasionally in Achyrachcena. 
Heleniece. The tendency to lateral fusion of the setae which 
shows in the Galinsoginae becomes dominant in the Helenieae. 
Types A and D occur within this tribe only in the Tagetinae, which 
is taken as the primitive sub-tribe, but as these types are practically 
absent from the Heliantheae their presence in several of the 
Tagetinae raises the question of the origin of that sub-tribe. 
There are several possible explanations ; the most probable 
one is that the reclassification of this tribe is required. The 
Helenieae, like some of the other tribes, is not a very natural 
group; indeed, Bentham put forward this tribe with some uncertainty 
(cp. 5, p. 381). It is distinguished from some of the Heliantheae 
only by the absence of paleae from the receptacle, and the genera 
with the pappus setose are practically Senecioneae in all their 
characters, except the slight tendency of the setae to be paleaceous 
at the base. This, it has been pointed out above occurs even in 
the genus Seuecio, but Bentham seems to have been unaware of the 
act. 
Apart from these anomalous forms the Tagetinae usually shows 
type G, but types K and L also occur. The Flaveriinae are a small 
group with type G or the reduced type N or no pappus at all. The 
Heleniinae are usually type G, but one genus, Tricliopliliiim, shows 
type L, and another, Psatliyrotes (removed to the Senecioninae by 
Hoffmann) shows B. 
The Baeriinae usually have the pappus of type G, but a consider, 
able variety occurs which it is unnecessary to discuss in view of the 
contemplated reclassification of the tribe. The chief point to note 
is the appearance of type N in a number of genera and the complete 
absence of the pappus in a number of others. This leads on to the 
stronger development of type N in the Jaumeinae, cp. Fig. 7. 
D. Phylogenetic Significance of the Pappus. 
The spasmodic variation of the pappus in related genera has 
been pointed out in Section A, but the pappus-forms when treated 
on broad lines as in Section C are capable of yielding valuable 
