92 
James Small. 
as in Fig. 7. The possible polyphyletic origin of the Cynareae is 
suggested and the Plucheinae are indicated as a possible alternative 
source of the Carduinae. 
The most interesting point is the confirmation of the origin of 
the Nassauviinae from the Senecioninae and the primitive position 
of that sub-tribe in the Mutisieae. Trixis is clearly the primitive 
genus; this is confirmed by the character of the achenial hairs* 
Mutisia is confirmed as the primitive genus in the Onoseridinae, 
with Onoseris as a closely allied basal genus giving the Gerberinae, 
while Mutisia is the source of the rest of the Onoseridinae and of 
the Gochnatiinae. 
Tbe rearrangement of the Homochrominae (Astereae) below the 
Heterochrominae is confirmed. The positions of the other sub¬ 
tribes are also supported by the evidence derived from the pappus 
with the exception of the Bellidinae, which it is suggested were 
derived from the Homochrominae, not independently as in Fig. 7. 
The origin of the Eupatorieae from the Astereae by the passage 
of the Heterochrominae into the Ageratinae and the position of the 
Eupatorium-Mikatiia plexus at the base of the latter sub-tribe are 
upheld by the present evidence, as is also the passage of the 
Ageratinae into the Piqueriinae via Sclerolepis, Adenostemma , and 
Piqueria. 
The Heliantheae again show advanced characters, the tendency 
to fusion in clumps and reduction being well-developed in the 
primitive sub-tribes, while the tendency to lateral fusion of the setae 
culminates in the paleaceous forms of the Galinsoginae. 
The possibility of the Helenieae being an artificial group is 
indicated and a close affinity of many of the genera with the 
Senecioninae is traced, while the evolution of the sub-tribes is left 
for future consideration on account of the variation in the form of 
the pappus. 
It is clear, therefore, that the consideration of the pappus in 
the light of the evolution of the various types from the primitive 
setose form confirms the previous phyletic suggestions in most of 
the more important points, and even furnishes valuable indications 
of the more detailed evolution of certain groups such as the 
Vernonieae, Eupatorieae, Cynareae and Mutisieae. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY V. 
1. Archer, W. On value of Hairs, as a character in determining the 
Limits of subordinate Groups of the Species. Jour, 
of Proc. Linn. Soc., Vol. V, No. 17, p. 17, 18(51. 
