\ 22 
James Small. 
Arctotidece. The involucre is multiseriate in all genera except 
Landtia where there are only a few rows of bracts. The calyculus 
is in a more or less primitive condition in the Arctotidinae and more 
developed in the other two sub-tribes. 
Anthemidece. The calyculus is distinct in a number of genera 
and the pericline uniseriate or biseriate. The number of rows in 
both pericline and calyculus varies considerably but more or less 
similarly in the two sub-tribes. 
Inulece. In the Gnaphaliinae the Helichryseae show a larger 
proportion of genera with the involucre in the primitive condition, 
i.e., pericline uniseriate, calyculus in one to a few rows. In some 
genera, such as Millotia and Quinetia, the involucre closely resembles 
that of Senecio. 
A similar condition obtains in the Tarchonanthinae, one genus 
having the primitive form and the others a more developed caly¬ 
culus. In the Filagininse most genera have only a few bracts, only 
Filago and Cylindrocline showing sometimes the multiseriate 
involucre. The range in the Plucheinae from a pauciseriate to a 
multiseriate involucre is covered by Pinched, except the case of 
Denekia, which has a uniseriate pericline and a few similar outer 
leaves forming the calyculus. 
The Athrixiinae are all multiseriate, while the Relhaniinae show 
a large proportion of the genera with the primitive involucre, 
Bryomorphe being similar to Eriothrix in that the involucre is 
practically indistinguishable from the reduced, densely crowded^ 
cauline leaves. A number of the Relhaniinae have the multiseriate 
involucre while the Angianthinae have only two genera, Cephalip- 
terum and Gnaphalodes, with the advanced type ; all the other 
genera have either the primitive type or a few,sometimes only two, 
bracts. 
This fact and the difference in the corolla (see Chap. IV) 
suggests that the Angianthinae are not so closely related to the other 
two sub-tribes as is suggested in Fig. 7. They might be better 
regarded as a special group showing a certain amount of reduction 
in the involucre, while the Relhaniinae might be regarded as giving 
the slightly more advanced Athrixiinae. 
The primitive involucre occurs in a number of the Inulinae 
and liuphthalminre, and the numerous outer rows in the other 
genera are shown to be a developed calyculus by their frequently 
foliaceous structure. Indeed, the Inulinae are as primitive as the 
Gnaphaliinae in the involucre. 
Cynnrecr. The involucre is multiseriate and in the primitive 
