Origin and Development of the Compositez. 129 
fimbrillate ; this is quite in accordance with the conclusion arrived 
at in Section B, but the atavistic appearance of receptacular paleae 
also occurs, e.g., occasionally in Seuecio (Senecillis) glauca, Gaertn., 
Fig. 21. This anomaly has not previously been recorded in Seuecio 
and adds one more to the numerous cases in this genus of variations 
which indicate the “ critical tendencies ” throughout the family, and 
which taken together leave very little doubt of the correctness of the 
view that Seuecio is the basal genus of the Compositae. 
Fig. 21. Sub-biscriate involucre and paleaceous receptacle of Seuecio 
glauca, Gaertn. ; an abnormality in an authentic herbarium specimen. Magni¬ 
fication—about 3 diameters. 
The receptacle in most of the Senecioninae is flat and naked, 
but conical receptacles and foveoles occur in a number of genera 
and the fimbrillate type in some species of at least six genera. 
Raillardia which has been removed on insufficient grounds to the 
Heliantheae by Hoffman has the receptacle setiferous; Bartlettia is 
more or less scrobiculate and Arnica is often villous. The range 
in the Senecioninae is, therefore, that of all the more primitive forms 
of receptacle. 
Fimbrillate alveoles occur in Euryops in the Othonninaa but as 
a rule tbe receptacle is naked or foveolate both in that sub-tribe and 
the Tussilagininae. The range in the Liabinae is interesting : Liabutn 
is naked, alveolate or fimbrillate; Gongrothamnus (=Sect. IV of 
Vernonia , Hoffman) is foveolate; Neurolaena has caducous paleae 
and Schistocarpha deciduous paleae. 
Vernoniece. The same amount of variation is shown by the 
Vernoniinae, where the receptacle is usually naked. In Vernonia 
it is naked, foveolate or fimbrillate. Foveoles occur in a few 
species of only two genera in the Lychnophorinae, the others having 
no appendages. 
Cichoricce. All the receptacular forms occur in this tribe and, 
according to Bentham, have very little taxonomic value ; the paleae 
