Origin and Development of the Compositee. 131 
as a reversion, especially as Onopordon shows no other primitive 
characters. 
Mutisiece. The receptacle here is frequently naked or foveolate, 
paleae occur in a few small scattered genera. The condition in Trixis 
is of interest (cp. Chap. V), the receptacle is naked or fimbrillate, 
the fimbrillae being very slender. This is quite in accordance with 
the primitive position suggested for that genus. No difference in 
the condition of the receptacle can be traced as distinguishing the 
various sub-tribes. 
Asterece. The Homochrominae and Heterochrominae show a 
scattered distribution of all the receptacular forms. The Bellidinae 
and practically all the Grangeinae have no appendages. The 
Conyzinae are naked, foveolate or fimbrillate and the setiferous form 
in addition to these appears in the Baccharidinae. 
Eupatoriece. The receptacle here is usually naked but is 
pubescent in a few genera and alveolate in Hofmeisteria. Caducous 
or deciduous paleae occur occasionally in eight genera, which are 
mostly small or monotypic. 
Helianthece. The normal condition of the receptacle in this 
tribe is paleaceous. The paleae may be broad and persistent, or 
narrow and more or less deciduous, subtending the florets : there 
may be as many scales as there are florets or, as is frequently the 
case, the scales may be reduced or absent in the centre of the 
capitulum, or as in many other cases the paleae may he narrow and 
more numerous than the florets, surrounding, not subtending, them. 
As the Heliantheae are an advanced tribe in practically every other 
character of the capitulum, it is obvious that the paleaceous 
receptacle is not the primitive character which it has been assumed 
to he by Bentham (I, 7, p. 482) and others, but is partly the 
expression of a tendency to revert to a pre-Composite ancestor 
(which tendency is present in Senecio hut attains its highest 
development in this tribe) and partly the expression of the tendency 
of the foveoles to develop into the setiferous form. 
The return to the normal condition for the family takes place 
at the end of the Coreopsidinean line in the Milleriinae where paleae 
are seldom present and the receptacle has normally no appendages. 
The Lagasceinae also show no appendages. All the other tribes 
nave paleae either subtending or surrounding the florets in practically 
every genus. 
Heleniece. As this is one of the few tribes from which floret¬ 
subtending paleae are completely absent, the relationship of the 
Galinsoginae and Tagetinae requires examination. The receptacle 
in the latter sub-tribe is usually naked or fimbrillate and is alveolate 
with lacerate alveole margins in Adenophyllnm. At least three of 
