I3 2 
James Small 
the genera of the former sub-tribe have the palese more numerous 
than the florets and more or less connate in lacerate alveoles. As 
one of the three is Calea, the chief genus of the sub-tribe, 
corroboration of the previously suggested affinity is obtained when 
the receptacle is examined in detail. The Helenieae, therefore, are 
an end group with no paleae, corresponding to the non-paleaceous 
Milleriinae on the other main evolutionary line of the Heliantheae 
(cp. Fig. 7). The Jaumeinae and Flaveriinae have no receptacular 
appendages ; the Heleniinae have appendages only in two genera, 
long setae in Gaillardia and foveoles in some species of Hymenoxys. 
The Baeriinae are usually naked, but show all the types except the 
paleaceous receptacle. 
D. The Phylogenetic Significance of the Receptacle. 
The receptacle, like the pappus and involucre, is of doubtful 
taxonomic value, but the critical tendencies shown by the primitive 
tribe again give the clue to the phyletic interpretation of the 
variations. Taking the alveolate and setiferous types as advanced, 
the foveolate and naked forms as primitive and the receptacular 
paleae when they subtend florets as reversions to a pre-Composite 
ancestor, the variations shown by the receptacle confirm in one or 
two points the previous phyletic conclusions, while the rest of the 
data are not opposed to these conclusions. 
The Senecioninae and Senecio are confirmed as basal ; the 
Liabinae are confirmed as the source of the Vernoniinae. The 
evidence is in favour of Ursinia being the primitive genus of the 
Arctotideae and of the position of the Gundeliinae as in Fig. 7. In 
the Inuleae the primitive position of the Gnaphaliinae and the 
Buphthalminae as the source of the Cynareae are confirmed. 
The need for reclassification of the Cichorieae and Anthemideae 
on a natural basis is again emphasised. 
The position of Trixis at the base of the Nassauviinae is 
strengthened. The position of the Heliantheae above the Senecioneae, 
the position of the Milleriinae and the derivation of the Tagetinae 
from the Galinsoginae are all confirmed. 
The receptacle, therefore, although of little taxonomic or 
* 
phyletic value furnishes evidence in favour of the suggested origin 
of several tribes, viz., Cynareae, Heliantheae, Helenieae, Mutisieae 
and Arctotideae. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY VII. 
1. Benecke, F. Kleine biologische Studie iiber das Bluthenkopfchen von 
Taraxacum officinale. Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Gesell., Bd. 
II, p. 194, 1884. 
2. Blake, S. F. Notes on the systematic position of Clibadium. Contrib. from 
the Gray Herbarium, Harvard, N.S.,No. LII, 1917. 
3. Kronfeld, M. Ueber einige Verbreitungsmittel der Compositenfriichte. 
Sitz.-ber. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss., Wien. 1885, Abtli. I, 
p. 414. 
