140 
James Small. 
primitive in a very distant ancestor. Opposite leaves occur in 
Arnica, Gynoxys and Haploesthes, which are close relatives of 
Senecio. The Liabinae have alternate leaves in two genera and 
opposite leaves in the others. The other genera of the Senecioneae 
are all alternate with the exception of Raillardia where the 
phyllotaxis varies. 
The Cichorieae are without exception alternate. The Calen- 
duleae are almost all alternate, but Tripteris and Osteospermum show 
opposite leaves occasionally. A similar condition occurs in the 
Arctotideae, where Berkheya and Didelta in the Gorteriinae have 
opposite leaves in a few species. As the Arctotidinae are primitive 
this occurrence of opposite leaves in the Gorteriinae is one small 
piece of evidence in favour of that phyllotaxis being atavistic in the 
Compositae. 
Alternate leaves are the rule in the Anthemideae but at least 
six genera, mostly monotypic, are opposite-leaved. 
In the Inuleae opposite leaves occur occasionally or always in 
one or two genera in each of the sub-tribes, Gnaphaliinae, Angian- 
thinae, Relhaniinae, Athrixiinae and there are no exceptions to the 
alternate phyllotaxis in the other five tribes, including the Buphthal- 
minae and Plucheinae. This fact is of interest as there is also no 
exception to the alternate phyllotaxis in the Cynareae, another 
small point which adds its quota to the evidence for the derivation 
of the Cynareae from the Buphthalminae or Plucheinae. 
The distribution in the Mutisieae also supports the idea of the 
opposite phyllotaxis being atavistic. It is absent in the primitive 
sub-tribe, Nassauviinae and occurs occasionally in one genus of the 
sub-tribes, Gerberinae, Onoseridinae and Barnadesiinae and in two 
genera of the Gochnatiinae. 
The occasional appearance of opposite leaves in the Vernoniinae, 
including Vernonia, is in accordance with the predominance of that 
character in the ancestral group, Liabinae. 
At least nine genera of the Eupatorieae have always alternate 
leaves; in at least eight others, including Eupatorium, the upper 
leavesare sometimes or always alternate, while the lower leaves are 
opposite. The other genera, about fifteen, are always opposite¬ 
leaved. This condition makes the examination of the Asterese 
interesting. There alternate phyllotaxis is the rule with no 
exceptions in the Conyzinae and Bellidinae. In the Homochrominae 
opposite leaves occur occasionally in Pentaclicete, Lepidopliyllum 
and in most of the species of Pteronia (cp. Hutchinson, VI, 9). In 
one genus each of the Grangeinae and Baccharidinae the leaves are 
rarely sub-opposite. In the Heterochrominae the leaves are rarely 
