W. Neilson Jones. 
186 
strains of protoplasm which combined to form the individual at 
fertilization. 
Somewhat analogous would be a lichen in which fungal or 
algal qualities predominated in accordance with the strains of 
fungus and alga from which the lichen was built up. 
Quite apart from these qualities are the factors that deter¬ 
mine whether the individual is a male or female. These 
differences depend, not on the “ active”—“ passive ” balance arrived 
at between the two portions of protoplasm that unite at fertiliza¬ 
tion, but probably upon something specific, such as the sex 
factor or sex chromosome which may be introduced into the 
zygote by either androplasmic or gynoplasmic gamete. 
Sexual reproduction in the higher animals is so specialised 
that the activities of the individual are inevitably conditioned to 
some extent by it. Those peculiarities, the nature of which is con¬ 
ditioned by the sex of the individual, form the group of 
secondary sex characters—in which group there may be in 
addition other characters whose connection with sex is some¬ 
what obscure. The expression of the former class of gametic 
qualites may be curtailed to some extent by the limitations imposed 
by the sex of the individual (i.e., by the secondary sex 
characters), but the effect of these limitations in masking the 
gametic qualites has been probably much exaggerated, owing to 
the undue importance given to the sex activities in civilized 
societies. The conditions in civilized communities are very largely 
artificial and the tendency has been to emphasise both real and 
supposed sex differences in man by tradition, education and 
limitation of activities. 
Where these artificial limitations have been broken through by 
either sex it becomes more possible to distinguish between the two 
classes of qualities; and that many of the characteristics ordinarily 
regarded as sex-associated are in reality independent of sex 
becomes apparent. A comparative study of other animals confirms 
this view. 
Thus, briefly, there are two groups of characters with which 
we have to deal, (a) The characters referred to as gametic or 
“ active ”—“ passive ”, which depend upon the particular balance 
struck between the “active” and “ passive” types of protoplasm 
united at fertilization. These are not sex-limited, but may be 
developed in an almost equal degree in either sex. (b) Those 
which observe the ordinary Mendelian rules of inheritance and 
