Origin and Development of the Composites. 169 
(pp. 481 sqq.). He considers the Helianthoideae to be the most 
ancient tribe on account of the foliaceous involucral bracts, aristate 
pappus and free anthers of some genera. From the ancestral 
Helianthoideae by the regular development of a tubular corolla and 
the substitution of a pappus for a reduced calyx he supposes the 
Eupatoriaceae arose in America, the Vernoniaceae in the New and 
and Old Worlds, the Cynaroideae in the northern and the Mutisiaceae 
in the southern hemisphere. From the same plexus, by a reduction 
of the corolla, a disappearance of the stamens and an oblique 
development of the corolla in the outer florets, he supposes the 
modern Helianthoideae arose in both West and East, and also the 
Helenioideae in the former hemisphere and the Anthemideae in the 
C/U.YCERE* LOBELMCE/E 
