James Small. 
170 
latter. By reduction in the involucre and development of a setose 
pappus the Asteroidese, Senecionideae and Inuloideae are said to 
have arisen in both Old and New Worlds from this Helianthoid 
plexus. Finally by a unilateral development of all the corollas, a 
reduction in the involucre and the development of a pappus he 
suggests the Cichorieae arose also from the ancestral Helianthoideae. 
It will be noticed that these opinions scarcely coincide with those 
expressed in the diagram (Fig. 2), and they will be discussed later 
in the light of the present investigation. 
Vuillemin, 1884. 
The most comprehensive study of the anatomy of the Com¬ 
posite is Vuillemin’s Tige des Composes (86), an investigation 
“ de la valeur des caracteres anatomiques au point de vue la 
classification des veg^taux.” He concluded that although anatom¬ 
ical characters may be of value in the identification of fragments 
of plants such as drugs and fossil debris or in indicating the affinities 
of species within a genus or in special cases even genera within 
tribes, they were of no value as a basis for classification in the 
larger groups of the Compositse. 
Hildebrandt, 1887. 
Vuillemin’s conclusions were controverted three years later by 
Hildebrandt (40), who, however, confined his investigations to the 
Ambrosiaceae and Senecionideae (of Lessing). He reclassified the 
genera he examined on the anatomy of the stem, but his sub¬ 
sections as he characterises them show many variations in their 
anatomy, and there is an example of almost each type of structure 
in most of his subtribes. 
Nichols, 1893. 
After studying the achenial hairs of the Compositae Nichols 
(68) decided that they were of no use as tribal characters. 
“ Within the genus, however, the characters seem to be more 
constant, and might, perhaps, be made of value in the determination 
of species.” 
Hock, 1898. 
Dealing with orders and not with families Hock (41) derives 
the Campanulatae from a line showing epigyny ; the main line gives 
a Rubialian line near the base from which a line leading to the 
Umbelliflorae is given off, the main line culminating in the 
Campanulatae. 
Col, 1899. 
From his study of the laticiferous tissue and other secretory 
