Origin and Development of the Compositce. 171 
canals in the Compositae Col (19) considered that the Cynareae had 
arisen from the “ Radices ” and that the Calenduleae, Arctotidese 
and Cichorieae were developed on a line of evolution parallel to that 
which gave the thistles. His views are expressed thus :— 
--Cynarees 
Calendulees-Arctotidees-Liguliflores 
Hallier, 1905. 
The Campanulatae according to Hallier (38) came from the 
Gymnosperms via the Polycarpicae, Magnoliaceae, Aristolochiaceae 
and Passiflorales. He discusses briefly the Campanulaceae, 
Calyceraceae and Compositae, considering the last to be the 
highest expression of several of the tendencies shown by the Cam 
panulatae. 
Lavialle, 1912. 
After an elaborate and extensive investigation of the develop¬ 
ment and structure of the achene Lavialle (52) gave expression to 
an opinion upon the affinities of the Cichorieae, Cynareae and 
Mutisieae. The examination included 298 species, 65 genera and 
most of the subtribes in the above-mentioned groups. Lavialle 
did not, however, extend his observations to the rest of the Com¬ 
positae so far as I have been able to ascertain at present. His 
views are given in the form of a diagram, Fig. 3, but their value is 
Radiees<r^ 
