i 74 
James Small. 
the phylogeny of flowering plants. These dicta, however, apply 
only to certain groups in each case. He raises the fourteen tribes 
of the Compositse or Asterales to the rank of families, and regards 
the Helianthacese as the primitive group from which two principal 
phyletic lines have arisen, culminating in the Eupatoriaceae on the 
one hand and the Lactucaceae on the other. His views may be 
expressed as in Table V. 
Hutchinson, 1916. 
The Helianthese are also regarded as the most primitive tribe 
by Hutchinson (43) who considers the aristate or paleaceous 
pappus and the receptacular paleae as primitive characters, and 
who also considers (44) the structure of the pappus in the Com- 
positae as “ perhaps one of the most important features in the 
consideration of the phylogeny and affinities of the genera of this 
interesting family.” This is very different from Bentham's view of 
both pappus and receptacular paleae, the inconstancy of which in 
genera and sections led to that synantherologist to consider these 
characters as of use only when supplemented by other and more 
ocnstant features. 
Small, 1915-16. 
The present writer has made various suggestions as to the 
affinities of the Compositse and its constituent tribes. The first (80) 
was made after a study of the variation in styles and stamens and 
the elucidation of the function of the appendages of these organs. The 
chief point made was the establishment of similar lines of evolution 
from the consideration of the styles and of the stamens. As the work 
along these lines has been revised and extended it will be enough 
at this juncture to note that the Senecioneae were considered the 
primitive group. In a subsequent study of the corolla (81) it was 
suggested that the Cichorieae arose directly from the Senecioneae 
by a comparatively small mutation. Other observations on the 
displacement and multiplication of the ovules in Senecio vulgaris (82) 
controverted the removal by Warming (87) of the Calyceraceae 
from the neighbourhood of the Compositae. These studies have 
been continued, and the present account is the result of the 
extended investigations. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY I. 
1. Adanson, M. Families des Plantes. Paris, 1763. 
2. Allionius, C. Stirpium Prsecipuarum Littoris et Agri Nicaeensis. Paris, 
1757. 
