Origin and Development of the Composites. 201 
Fig. 4. Phylogeny of Flower forms (after Uexkiill-Gyllenband). 
A— Hieracium bavbatum —Ciclioriese. B—A nthemis Cotula —Anthemidese. 
C — Psiadia glutinosa —Astereae. D— Heterothalamus brunioides —Astereae. E— 
Xeranthemum annuurn —Cynarese. F— Gevbera ! Mutisieae. G— 
Anandriatomentosa, —Mutisieae. H— Evigeron alpinus—Astei’eee. J— Leontopodium 
alpinum — Inuleae. K— Haastia Sinclairi —Astereae. L— Centaurea Jacea — 
Cynareae. M— Leontopodium alpinum —Inuleae. N— Petasites albus —Senecioneae. 
$ R=hermaphrodite tubular floret. $ Z=hermaphrodite iigulate floret. 
^ L=hermaphrodite bilabiate floret. OZ=neutral Iigulate floret. OH= 
neutral honey floret. OSt.=neutral ray floret. J Z=female Iigulate floret. 
J L=female bilabiate floret. J R—female tubular floret. J St.=female 
ray floret. J red.=female floret with reduced corolla. ? =female floret 
with no corolla. $ =male floret. Figures unmarked are intermediate forms 
occurring in the same capitula. 
addition there have been many other studies of sex-distribution in 
the capitulum, such as 26, 33, 57 and 58. 
Parthenogenesis and apogamy in the family have been studied 
by Murbeck (52), Ostenfeld (54-55), Schkorbatow (60) and others. 
The flowering period, which is usually autumnal in the north tem¬ 
perature regions, is the subject of notes by Bailey (1) and Lebard 
(39). Anemophily in the family is discussed at length by Del- 
pino (18-19) and ornithophily in the Compositae, Campanulaceae 
and allied families is noted by Fries (24) and Trelease (68). The 
secretion of an intoxicating nectar in abnormal cases by Centaurea 
Scabiosa, Carduus nutans, C. lanceolatus and other species has 
been observed by Lloyd Williams (44). 
The action of pollen grains mixed in various proportions from 
differently coloured capitula is the subject of a note by Lowe (45), 
