Origin and Development of the Composite. 2 1 7 
in the two sub-tribes. The Calenduleas are similarly closely connected 
with the Senecioninse by their range of variation in both styles 
and stamens; the characteristic style of the tribe (type V) is easily 
derived from type IV. 
The Arctotidese show a considerable proportion of styles of 
type XII ; the range of variation is very similar to that of the 
Senecioninse and the stamens are considerably simpler than 
those of the majority of the Inuleae, so that a derivation of the 
Arctotideae from those genera (Senecio and Erechthites) in the 
Senecionese which show type XII styles seems more probable than 
one from the Inuleae as suggested by the styles. Also Ursinia is 
the only genus in the tribe which shows a type IV style, and as it is 
one of the largest genera and shows type 3 stamens in addition, it 
seems to be another possible primitive genus in the group. Indeed, 
the tribe is markedly divided into two groups on the style. The 
occurrence of stamens of types 8 and 10 in the Gorteriinas with type 
XII styles seems to indicate that this sub-tribe has arisen from the 
Inuleae (from either the Plucheinaeormore probably the Gnaphaliinae) 
and has then given rise to the more specialised Gundeliinae. 
The Arctotidinae seem to be more probably derived from the 
Senecioninae through Ursinia with a* IV-3 pollen-presentation 
mechanism. This is a point which requires other characters for 
its decision. 
In the Cynareas the Echinopsidinae are obviously specialised, 
while the large percentage of advanced styles (type XI) and 
advanced stamens (type 16) in the Carlininae and Carduinae indicates 
that these are more advanced groups than the Centaureinae, where 
there is a smaller percentage of type XI styles and where the 
stamens are generally type 12 or type 15. 
The almost exclusive predominance of type IV styles in the 
Nassauviinae clearly indicates an affinity for that sub-tribe with the 
Senecioneae; the Onoseridinae shows an affinity with the Nassauviinae 
in the styles, while type 15 or 16 stamens are absent from both 
sub-trihes ; the predominance of type 11 stamens in the Nassauviinae 
makes the usual pollen-presentation mechanism of that group the 
simplest in the Mutisieae. The Barnadesiinae is a simple, special 
group, the usual combination being IX-3. The occurrence of styles 
of types Xand XI and stamens of types 15 and 16 in the Gochnatiinae 
places this group higher than the Gerberinae, but as type XII styles 
are also present and as the stamens are of the higher types a 
possible affinity of these two suh-tribes with the lnulefe is indicated, 
