Structure and Origin of “ Cladophora Balls.’' 
The majority of the branches are vegetative shoots, but 
modified branches with special functions also occur. Brand (1902, 
loc. cit.) has carefully studied the origin and nature of these branches 
and has divided them into “ rhizoids,” “ cirrhoids,” “ neutral ” or 
“ indifferent ” shoots and “ stolons.” 
Fig. 2. A, isolated individual of Cladophora (A eg.) holsatica Kutz, showing 
method of branching. B, “indifferent” shoot bearing “rhizoids.” C, 
“stolon.” x 31. 
The “rhizoids” and “cirrhoids” are organs for interlocking 
the branches of the individual plants ; the only difference being 
that in the rhizoids the end cell of the shoot alters its shape to fit 
into the conformation of a neighbouring cell or of any foreign body 
with which it comes in contact, while the cirrhoid simply coils 
round it without altering its shape (Fig. 3, B, C). The cells of 
