THE 
HEW PflYTOIiOGIST. 
Vol. XIV, No. I. 
January, 1915. 
[Published January 27th, 1915.] 
MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON NEW 
AND LITTLE KNOWN WEST-HIMALAYAN 
LIVERWORTS. III. 
By Shiv Ram Kashyap, B.A., M.Sc., 
Professor of Botany , Government College, Lahore. 
[With Seven Figures in the Text.] 
ROM what has been said in my two earlier papers * 1 2 it will be 
seen that the process of reduction in the Marchantiales, so 
far as the gametophyte is concerned apart from the modification in 
the structure of the thallus, consists in the greater development of 
the vegetative tissue at the expense of the sex organs. This has 
taken place in two ways, resulting in two series of forms pretty 
distinct from each other. 
(1) By decrease in the number of branches of the female 
receptacle as indicated by the involucres, along with the elimination 
of the stalk of the carpocephalum. This is shown in the series: 
Exormotheca, Aitchisoniella and Targionia. 
(2) By decrease in the number of archegonia in each involucre 
until only one is found in each. The stalk is retained. In most 
cases the number of involucres in the carpocephalum is normally 
four or more. This is seen in the Astroporae and Operculatse of 
Leitgeb. In both series the greater development of the vegetative 
tissue is also manifest in the continued growth of the thallus after 
the formation of terminal carpocephala as seen in Stephensoniella 
and Plagiocliasma articulation. The sterilisation of some branches 
of the receptacles is also very conspicuous in the male receptacles 
of Cyathodium tuberosum and the female receptacles of Aitchisoniella, 
and a little less so in the female receptacle of Exormotheca. 
The reason for this greater development of vegetative tissue and 
gradual reduction of the gametophores is to be found in the fact 
1 New Phytologist, Vol. 13, 1914, pp. 206-226, 308-323. 
