New and Little Known West-Himalayan Liverworts. 5 
burrowing down into the soil. The tuber has minute purple scales 
at the anterior extremity and is covered with rhizoids. 
In the formation of the tubers this plant resembles F. tuberifera, 
but in the sculpture of the spores it is like F. cristata Lindb. 
The cells of the stem contain some fungal hyphae, but there is 
no definite mycorrhizal zone. 
SEWARDIELLA Kashyap, n.gen. (Fig. 3). 
Plants dioecious, thallose, simple or the wingless apical part of 
stem once forked, usually in thick patches on rocks or singly among 
mosses and grass, in shady places, up to 10 mm. long and 12 mm. 
broad; midrib thick projecting ventrally, rounded below. Ventral 
surface often with minute red scales in two rows. Wings often 
unequal many-layered at base, gradually becoming thin, one-layered 
throughout the greater portion, ascending, margins wavy; upper 
surface of thallus concave. 
Male and female plants similar. Antheridia in a cluster on the 
dorsal surface on the midrib (Fig. 3, II, III), 12 to 24 in a cluster; 
each antheridium globular on a short multicellular stalk, not at all 
sunk in a pit; bracts a few scattered between the antheridia 
irregularly, simple or more or less deeply lobed (Fig. 3, XII—XIV). 
Archegonia in a cluster of about a dozen on the dorsal surface on 
the midrib. Perianth hell-shaped, margin lacerated into numerous 
narrow processes, often split in one or more places up to the base 
(Fig. 3, IX), many layered at base, one-layered above. Calyptra 
thin, one-layered. Sporogonia 1 to 3 in each perianth; foot smalb; 
seta up to 1’25 mm. long ; capsule 1 to l - 3 mm. in diameter, included 
or slightly exerted. Capsule wall 2 or 3-layered, the cells of the 
outer layer usually thin walled, sometimes with thick bands on the 
radial walls, cells of inner layer with U-shaped bands on inner and 
radial walls or ouly simple bands on radial walls. Spores reticulate- 
lamellate, less than four reticulations in the diameter, 40/a. Elaters 
bi- or trispiral, 300 to 400/x; no fixed elaters at the base or elsewhere. 
Species one— S. tuberifcm ; characters as above. 
This plant is practically a thallose Fossombronia , in which the 
antheridia are formed in groups instead of being scattered. 
As described above the wings are sometimes unequal even in 
the ripe plant. The anterior margin of one wing in the young 
state covers the anterior margin of the other while the posterior 
margin of the former is covered by the posterior margin of the 
latter. In the young state the wings are bent strongly upwards so 
