New and Little Known West-Himalayan Liverworts. 9 
mouth usually truncate or indistinctly irregularly toothed, surface 
smooth, up to 5 mm. long. Sporogonium stout, cylindrical, obtuse, 
up to 30 mm. long, with stomata on the wall. Spores (Fig. 4, 4), 
yellow, tetrahedral, convex surface with small round papillae, 25 /a. 
Pseudo-elaters (Fig. 4, 5) thin walled, branched, occasionally some 
simple, 10 /a broad. 
The tubers are sometimes embedded in the thallus. Usually 
they arise on long cylindrical stalks from the ventral surface or from 
the margins. The stalk may be up to 3 mm. long and the tuber up 
to 0-5 mm. in diameter. If the plants are growing among dense 
grass the tubers are mostly marginal and shortly stalked. Both 
the stalk and the tuber have some rhizoids. The tuber has a 
covering of empty cells. On pressing the tuber a milky fluid comes 
out. The germination of the tuber is exactly like that of A.pliynia- 
todes as figured by Howe (“The Hepaticze and Anthocerotes of 
California,” 1899). The old dry stalk is often seen on one side of 
the tuber. 
Anthoceros ERECTUS Kashvap, n.sp. (Fig. 5). 
Plants dioecious, in dense clusters on damp earth. Thallus 
thick, fleshy, often raised on a stalk-like underground structure and 
expanding above into a more or less cup-like body (Fig. 5, 7 to 3), 
sometimes branched from the very base (Fig. 5, 4, 5). Stalk usually 
tapers downwards, sometimes it is thickened at the lower end and 
is in any case covered with the rhizoids only at this end. Rhizoids 
full of a granular matter stained brown with iodine. The stalk and 
the thallus contain large chambers full of mucilage. The body of the 
thallus with a circular slightly toothed margin, or deeply divided 
into lobes, up to about 1 cm. in diameter. 
Male plants smaller. Antheridia yellow when ripe, up to eight 
in each chamber. Involucres often fused in pairs, about 5 mm. long. 
Involucre-wall contains numerous mucilage chambers (Fig. 5, 7). 
Sporogonia (Fig. 5, 6) slender, acute, up to 30 mm. long, wall with 
stomata. Spores black granulose 30 to 40/a. Pseudo-elaters simple 
or branched (Fig. 5, 8). 
The plant is interesting on account of its peculiar habit. It is 
often raised on a distinct stalk, the base of which may be either 
thick or pointed. It is, moreover, one of the only two thallose 
liverworts met with at Mussoorie which seem to be annual; the other 
is a species of Notothylas The plants only grow for three months 
(July to September), and then disappear. Another interesting point 
about the species of Anthoceros is that the rhizoids are not hyaline, 
