New and Little Known West-Himalayan Liverworts. 15 
which Stephani was unable to make out owing to the nature of the 
material he used, the following description was drawn up. 
The plants were found growing in patches on several eastern 
slopes which were more or less protected, on bare rocks or on 
crumbling hard soil closely attached to the substratum. The thallus 
(Fig. 7, I) grows from a narrow thick base and is a thin delicate 
structure forking once or twice. The apex at the end of the season 
becomes slightly thickened and is slightly bent downwards. It 
persists in this condition throughout the dry season and continues 
its growth next year, and this fact explains the thick base of the 
plants. The latter are small, delicate and thin, though the midrib 
is comparatively thick. They may be up to 15 mm. long and 1*5 
mm. broad. There is often a small median groove on the dorsal 
surface near the anterior end. The dorsal part of the thallus has a 
single layer of rather small air chambers which, however, are not so 
narrow as in Athalamia (Fig. 7, IV). The stomata are regularly 
scattered on the dorsal surface and each is bounded by two rings 
of cells with five or six cells in each ring. The walls of the cells 
are perfectly thin, like those of the cells of the epidermis (Fig. 7, V). 
The stomata are only slightly raised and very inconspicuous. The 
ventral surface is greenish, sometimes reddish, and has rhizoids of 
both kinds and many small scattered scales (Fig. 7, II). The latter 
are delicate, hyaline or reddish, lanceolate-acuminate structures 
from whose margin numerous cells project outwards. The cells of 
the scales contain chloroplasts. The apex is formed by a short 
filament of four or five cells, and shorter filaments may project 
from the margins also (Fig. 7, VI). The thallus gives off ventral 
adventitious shoots occasionally. 
The sex organs are arranged in the same way as in Atlialnmia 
pinguis. The plant is usually monoecious, but occasionally a plant 
may have only antheridia or archegonia. The usual position of the 
antheridia is behind the female receptacle (Fig. 7, 1). Occasionally 
they are formed in front of the female receptacle, especially if the 
thallus forks after producing the latter. They are arranged in two 
zigzag rows, and the hyaline papillae of the antheridial chambers 
project slightly upwards. Their number is always small, half-a- 
dozen or so. 
The female receptacle arises on the dorsal surface along the 
middle line and is an extremely minute protuberance when the 
archegonia are formed. The young receptacle is surrounded and 
covered by small simple linear scales whose cells contain chloroplasts 
