New and Little Known West-Himalayan Liverworts. 1 7 
and sulcate. The calyptra is thin and ruptured into several pieces. 
The ripe sporogonium has a well developed foot, and the capsule is 
fully exserted and directed upwards. The seta is 1 to T5 mm. long. 
The ripe capsule wall, consisting of a single layer of cells, has well 
developed thick annular and spiral bands—not semi-annular bands 
as described by Stephani—on the cell-walls. The cells at the apex 
have thicker and deeper-coloured spiral bands and form a sort of 
operculum. Attached to the inner surface of this operculum there 
are a few small elater-like cells with annular thickening bands only, 
and they hang into the cavity of the capsule. A few similar cells 
are also attached to the base of the capsule and project upwards 
into the cavity (Fig. 7, X). The spores are brown, 45 to 50g in 
diameter, with numerous high papillae on the surface (Fig. 7, IX). 
The elaters are bispiral, brown, 140 to 180ft. in length. The capsule 
opens by four or five valves down to the base. The valves bend 
backwards when the capsule is dry. 
The plant is clearly closely related to Athalcunia, and hence to 
Clevea, as pointed out by Stephani. The difference is chiefly in the 
structure of the stoma. 1 The capsule is very much alike in both. It 
may also be pointed out that Athalamia, Gollaniella, and Clevea have 
a striking resemblance to the Targionia group in the structure of 
the capsule wall and the presence of the fixed elater-like cells at the 
apex and the base. Hence Leitgeb’s group Astvopovce is more 
nearly related to the group 2 formed by Exormotheca, Aitchisoniella 
and Targionia than his group Operculatce. As regards the structure 
of the thallus Aitchisoniella and Gollaniella form a sort of connecting 
link between the two groups. It is known that fixed elater-like 
cells at the base and apex of the capsule also occur in Fegatella 
conica and Pressia commutata (Cavers, “ Inter-relationships of the 
Bryophyta,” Reprint, p. 48; Annals of Botany, Vol. 18, 1904, p. 87). 
I have great pleasure in expressing my best thanks to Dr. 
Cavers, to whom I am greatly indebted in several ways in the 
publication of these papers. Not only have his published works 
been of assistance to me, but he has also taken great pains in 
supplying references to the literature of the subject, to which his own 
valuable papers have contributed so much, in correcting the proofs 
1 Since the above was written the writer has come across some plants of 
Gollaniella pusilla in another part of the Himalayas. They are much more 
robust, and the stomata on them have distinctly thickened radial walls, though 
not so much as in Athalamia. If some forms of this species have semi-annular 
bands on the cells of the capsule wall, as described by Stephani, the separation 
of this genus from Athalamia cannot be natural. 
2 See phylogenetical table given in the beginning of these notes (New 
Phytologist, Vol. 13, 1914, p. 209). 
