Reviews. 
231 
rivals in the struggle for existence. The paper concludes with a 
phylogentic chart, summarising Bessey’s views of the relationships 
of the orders of his “ Anthophyta ” (or flowering plants.) It would 
have been a great convenience to students unfamiliar with this 
system of classification if the paper had been supplied with an index. 
(4) Ostenfeld and Raunkiaer’s “ Pocket Flora” (as we should 
say in this country) is a very carefully arranged guide to the living 
vascular plants of Denmark. It is, of course, written in Danish ; but 
botanical Danish should not give much trouble to botanistsacquainted 
with Latin and German. Not only will the book be useful to any 
botanist travelling in Denmark, but it furnishes in small compass 
a ready means of comparing the British flora with that of Denmark. 
One can see at a glance, by comparing the British with the Danish 
species of a few well-chosen genera, the main differences between 
the two floras—the absence from Denmark of the British Arctic- 
Alpine species, (such as Juncus castaneus, y. biglumis, J . triglumis, 
y. trifidus, Luzula spicatci and L. arcuata) and the British southern 
species (such as Juncus acutus and Luzula forsteri), and the occur¬ 
rence in Denmark of central and eastern European species such as 
Jxincus fuscodter , y. atricapillus, and Luzula nemorosa) which are 
absent from the British Isles. The absence from Denmark of the 
Arctic-Alpine species is, of course, very easily explained; but the 
other two classes represent a remarkable and interesting difference 
in the floristic phytogeography of the two countries. 
(5) The fifth book deals with the vascular plants which grow 
near New York. “ Taxonomy and nomenclature,” the author states, 
“ are considered only as fundamentals upon which the phyto- 
geographical structure of the book has been reared.” 
An interesting phytogeographical introduction of thirty-seven 
pages is provided, dealing with the factors which affect distribution. 
Dealing with edaphic factors, which are always more important 
than climatic factors in the study of the flora or vegetation of a 
limited region, the author argues that a geological explanation is 
the only one which will account for the peculiarities of the “ pine- 
barren flora;” and he gives a very suggestive account of the 
influence of recent geological changes of the district, and the 
resultant plant-migrations. 
Raunkiaer’s growth-forms (see Journ. Ecol., vol. I, 1913, pp. 16* 
26) are alluded to, and “ may form the basis of a future study.” 
A long list of previously published local floras is given ; and 
there is a capital index. t 
With regard to the flora proper, occupying over six hundred 
pages, it is impossible for one unacquainted with the district to 
indulge in any detailed criticism. It should be stated, however, 
that the general impression is received that the work is very care¬ 
fully done, and that botanists have here a thorough and detailed 
presentment of the species inhabiting the New York district. 
Previously published records, up to the end of 1913, have been 
utilised, though only sparingly, in Poaceae (or Gramineae), 
Cyperacese, Cratcegus , Rubus, Rosa, and Viola, all of which are more 
or less “ critical ” groups in temperate North America. Native and 
introduced species are included in the general text, “besides many 
more, mentioned in notes, that are little more than waifs.” 
The arrangement is that of Engler and Prantl, the nomencla- 
