40 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
r July 10, 1890. 
Plymouth, and though altogether a smaller and quieter affair than 
"the great Show of last year at Windsor, it was decidedly a success¬ 
ful one, the entries both of live stock and implements being on the 
whole good, and the fine weather induced the west country folks to 
visit the Show ground in large numbers. To most of them the 
picturesque scenery of the three towns was too familiar to excite 
• attention, but to the visitor from a distance the view from the 
horse ring was indeed a treat—the Sound, the Breakwater, the 
wooded heights of Mount Edgcombe, and the open sea in the 
distance, combined to make a picture of rare beauty, which even 
'those who came to do ” the Show thoroughly were fain to 
.admire. 
Of implements the most remarkable in the Show were two 
among the dairy appliances. The direct butter extractor was first 
shown by the Aylesbury Dairy Company last year at Windsor, 
and though imperfect a silver medal was awarded for its evident 
merits. Since then it has been under constant trial, and so much 
improved that it is now a perfect and most useful implement. The 
(principle is that of centrifugal force. The drum, kept steadily 
•supplied by milk by a feed regulator making 6000 revolutions per 
minute, separates most of the milk from the cream, which having 
the lightest specific gravity collects near the centre, and gradually 
•enters an inner central chamber, in which rotates a spindle at the 
same rate of speed, finishing the work of separation, and leaving 
only pure butter globules, which pass out through a spout, the skim 
milk flowing from the machine by another passage. All the butter 
is extracted from 150 gallons of milk in an hour, or about as fast 
■as it takes an ordinary separator to extract the cream alone, and 
the amount of power required is the same. No warming of the 
milk is required before separation ; the butter is absolutely pure, 
so, too, is the skim milk, and both separated milk and butter are 
•quite free from any fermentative germs. 
To Dr. De Laval of Sweden we are indebted for the instanta¬ 
neous butter maker exhibited by the Dairy Supply Company of 
Museum Street, London, W.C., who tell us “ All dairymen are ac¬ 
quainted with the well-known form of the Laval Steam Turbine 
Separator. To this separator the new churn is attached. It con¬ 
sists of a cylinder about 12 inches long and 4 inches in diameter? 
within which a dasher revolves at about 3000 revolutions per 
minute, being driven by a rope belt of the same kind as is used to 
-drive a power separator from the separator spindle. The cream on 
leaving the separator in the usual way passes over an ingeniously 
contrived refrigerator of new design, which is admirably calculated 
to reduce the temperature as low as possible with a very small con¬ 
sumption of cold water ; it then enters at one end of the cylinder 
in the course of its passage through which the cream is churned 
into butter, and emerges at the other end in a granular form. The 
cylinder is enclosed in a water casing, so that the temperature is 
kept very low, the butter is consequently firm, and there is no 
possibility of its being overchurned. It is very free from butter 
milk, and therefore keeps well. The churn can be attached to any 
of the Laval machines.” 
Either or both of these machines will be invaluable for large 
dairies, and especially for dairy factories. They are quick and cer¬ 
tain in action, and will enable us to dispense with milk pans alto¬ 
gether, and also to avoid all manipulation of cream. The speedy 
introduction of such an invention into every dairy large enough to 
require one is most desirable, and it should mark an era in the dairy 
farming of this country, and the beginning of a successful com¬ 
petition with importers of dairy produce. 
Among motors, Priestman Bros.’ oil engines from eleven-horse 
power down to two-horse power, portable and fixed, were worthy 
of especial notice, as also was a three-quarter-horse power electric 
moter by Mr. F. M. Newton for working lathes, pumping water, 
&c. This last motor is a stap onward, and we hope it will lead to 
the introduction of light portable motors for all farm requirements. 
The electric motor is the coming power, but it comes very slowly. 
In the household and garden it has already been applied to carpet 
sweepers, shoe-polishers, lawn mowers, and other familiar work. 
We have the authority of Mr. A. E. Kennelly, Mr. Edison’s chief 
electrician, for saying that it can be applied to every mechanical 
operation of the household, and it follows that its use may also ex¬ 
tend to the farm and workshop. 
Of other novel and useful dairy appliances there were hand 
separators shown—the Danish by the Aylesbury Dairy Company, 
and the Yictoria by Messrs. Freeth & Pocock. The “ Arch 
Albany ” butter worker of Messrs. Bradford & Co. is a decided 
improvement upon the old form. The table is arched so that all 
moisture pressed out of the butter in the working escapes quickly. 
The roller is ribbed or fluted spirally in short curves, the grooves 
being almost at right angles to its axis, which makes more in¬ 
dentions in the butter, and enables any superfluous moisture to 
escape more readily than was possible with the old style of roller. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Since writing our last note we have had a had time among the hay. 
We began mowing with a steadily rising barometer and every sign of 
fine weather, but the weather soon became unsettled again, and half- 
made hay could not be got into cocks fast enough to render all safe 
before heavy rain compelled us to desist and wait for better weather. 
In such unsettled weather the most strenuous efforts should be made to 
get the hay into cocks, rather than to begin carting before we have 
several acres well forward. A few hours’ steady rain or a wet day does 
little harm in comparison with a showery week. It is when the hay 
has to be left out so long that it becomes black and mouldy that our 
efforts to save it in a moderately wholesome condition prove vain. As 
we write our window overlooks a meadow where the hay was just ready 
for the cocks, when down came a pelting shower, and we had to leave 
it ; a bright Sunday followed, drying it sufficiently to prevent its being 
quite spoiled by the heavy rain of this the last day of a dripping 
June. 
Clover had to be left in swath for a week. With fair weather now 
it will be turned with light rakes and left for about two days, when it 
should be ready for carting. Clover hay requires gentle handling so as 
not to break the leaf, and it should be carted to the stack while it has 
still enough sap to produce sweating, heat, and flavour. Yellow Suck¬ 
ling, Sainfoin, and Lucern are all treated in a very similar manner when 
required for hay. 
With so much rain Docks and Thistles can be got up by the roots 
readily, and whenever this can be done without injury to growing crops 
not a plant should be overlooked. We give the men and boys full 
liberty to make overtime at this work, and at Charlock pulling too, where 
that is possible. The cleaning of fallows and half fallows is much retarded 
by rain. A fallow over which we walked a few days ago had a lot of 
couch grass roots alive, and some real hot summer weather will be 
necessary to destroy them. Fine and warm weather is a'so now much 
wanted by the Wheat and Barley as well as other crops, and the land is 
certainly moist enough for the roots and green crops, and all singling of 
roots should be well out of hand be r ore the winter Oats are ready for 
the reaper. They are a fine crop, standing erect with plenty of fine 
bold grain ; so, too, are the spring Oats, but they are not yet sufficiently 
forward to enable us to form an opinion of the possible yield. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
CAMDEN SQUARE, LONDON. 
Lat. 51° 32' 40" N.; Long. 0° 8' 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
DATE. 
0 AM. 
IN THE DAY. 
a 
*3 
« 
1890. 
June and July. 
iSigj ! 
I si-3 
«2S 
Hygrome¬ 
ter. 
Direction 
of Wind. 
| Temp, of 
son at 
| 1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature. 
In 1 On 
snn. 'grass 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
Inches. 
deg 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
In. 
Sunday. 
£9 
29.907 
57.7 
52.8 
S.W. 
58.7 
73.1 
47.8 
117.6 
4‘i. t 
0.1.59 
Monday .... 
30 
29.390 
53.5 
5i. 3 
E. 
58.8 
67.2 
51.2 
107.7 
47.9 
0.264 
Tuesday .... 
1 
29.281 
69.9 
54.0 
W. 
57.5 
66.9 
48.9 
122.6 
47.9 
0.113 
Wednesday.. 
2 
*9.800 
62.1 
55.2 
N. 
57.7 
70.4 
51.9 
110.0 
47.8 
0.161 
1 liursday.... 
3 
29.778 
60.6 
54.3 
S.w. 
58.3 
66.5 
52.9 
114.0 
52.8 
0.0.30 
Friday . 
4 
29.853 
58.4 
62.3 
S.W. 
58.0 
65.8 
45.1 
108.7 
43.2 
0.691 
Saturday .... 
5 
29.491 
49.7 
49.7 
.N. 
57.0 
58.1 
49.2 
80.7 
49.8 
0.2j8 
£9.643 
57.4 
52.9 
58.0 
66.9 
49.6 
108.8 
47.9 
1.715 
REMARKS. 
29tb.— Cloudy momirg, bright afternoon ; heavy shower at 6.45 p M. , then fine again. 
COth.—Very wet from 4 A.M. to noon, and occasional showers till 3 P.M., then generally 
bright. 
1st.—Oeca-tnnat slight s-r nkles of rain early, generally bright from 10 A.M till 
0.41 p.m ; then thunder and heavy showers till 2 P.M.; afterwards flue with some 
sunshine. 
2nd.—Fine and generally bright day : c'oudy evening rain storm at 10 45 P M. 
3 r d.—Cloudy and rainy morning, bright afternoon and evening. 
4th.—A little sun early, cloudy afternoon, and occasional drizzle from 4 30 P M. 
oth.—Steady heavy lain from 10 p M. on the 4th to 2 P.M. on the 5ib, theu fair for an hour 
or two, but showers in the evening. 
A wet, cold, uncomfortable week: the temperature about that due to the midd't of 
September, and -he rainfall tqual to the average in the Lake district.—G. J. SYMONS. 
