AllRUSt 14, 1890. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
149 
to the time of bearing and the character of the produce. We should be 
inclined allow the sixteen-year-old trees to bear, to test the quality 
of the nuts. You say the heads are bushy if very dense thin out 
some of the branches, but do not shorten those retained, dig a trench 
round the trees, and cat several of the roots for checking exuberant 
growth. 
Trees for Oreliarl House {E. D. N.). —Peaches and Nectarines 
potted as maidens cjinnence beaming the second year when well 
managed, and improve yearly with judicious treatment. The leading 
fruit nurserymen specially prepare trees for growing in pots, and you 
had much better puichase such trees than attempt growing your own. 
Healthy young trees may be removed from the garden into the orchard 
house, and if the transplanting is carefully done early in the autumn 
just as the fo iage commences changing, a moderate crop may be taken 
the following year, but everything depends on the condition of the trees 
and the treatment to which they are subjected. 
Cropping Strong Soil {Horton'). —The soil may be improved by 
ridging it in the autumn and breaking up the ridges two or three times 
during the winter when they are crusted with frost. Ashes and gritty 
matter of any kind should also be mixed with it in as large quantities as 
can be obtained, and the soil will in due time be improved considerably. 
Such soil generally suits Cabbages, Broccolis, Kales, Savoys, &c., well ; 
also Beans, late Peas, Rhubarb, Strawberries, Raspberries, and bush 
fruits generally, but special care is needed in sowing and planting so as 
to enable the crops and trees to obtain a good start. This work must 
only be done in fine weather, the sail in contact with the seeds and 
roots being made as fine as possible. Soot is a good manure for such 
soil. 
Faulty Mushrooms (S. L .).—It is not all uncommon for Mush¬ 
rooms to be lacking in juiciness and flavour at this period of the year ; 
indeed they are bound to be inferior, if not grown in cool places and 
kept moist with the aid of damp coverings. If the beds are too dry and 
position too warm, they are tough and insipid, and they are also liable 
to become infested with maggots. Very good Mushrooms are grown on 
outdoor beds in shaded positions in summer, if well covered with litter, 
and this is frequently sprinkled, as the temperature is then lowered by 
the process of evaporation. July and August are the most unfavourable 
months for the growth of Mushrooms, and the best time for commencing 
their culture is clearly stated on page 104 of Wright’s Mushrooms for 
the Million,” (sixth edition) post free from this office for Is. 2d. 
Pig Tree Unfruitful {Inquirer). —The cause of the tree casting 
its fruit is unquestionably imperfect fertilisation, which usually arises 
from a deficiency of calcic and silicious matter in the soil in a soluble 
state. This can be afforded in various ways, but the most effectual is 
the addition to the soil of old mortar rubbish, whereby nitrate of lime 
is afforded, and surface dressings of short rather fresh manure, which 
whilst affording organic matter or humus, also supplies soda. We 
advise a trench to be taken out half the distance from the stem that the 
tree has spread of branches, going so deep as to detach all roots, and 
remove some of the soil from amongst the roots towards the stem. Then 
procure fresh soil, to which add one-sixth of old mortar rubbish, and 
fill up the trench—good loam with the old mortar rubbish added 
answering very well. The roots should be disposed evenly in the 
material, and made firm. It may be done so soon as the leaves com¬ 
mence falling, following with a covering of rather littery manure afoot 
farther than the roots extend outwards from the stem, and about 
3 inches thick. 
Red Spider on Apple Trees —Pears Spotted {D. J. A.).—Red 
spider is usually most prevalent on trees in dry soils and in dry seasons. 
Give the trees a good soaking with liquid mpnure, or apply a mulch of 
short rather lumpy material, and water thoroughly if the weather be dry. 
Syringe the trees with a solution of softsoap at the rate of 2 ozs. to a 
gallon of water, choosing a calm evening, and directing the solution 
against the under side of the leaves. This will destroy the acarus, but 
should be repeated in the course of a few days, as other generations will 
be hatched. The application of the soap solution should be followed 
within twenty-four hours by a thorough cleansing with clear water, 
allowing the solution, however, to become dried before applying the 
water. The black spots on the Pears are caused by a fungus (Clado- 
sporium dendriticum). Fruit so infestefl usually cracks, and is worthless. 
It is genera'ly considered that lifting and planting in fresh firmer soil 
with an admixture of old mortar rubbish, so as to encourage healthier 
growth, is the best palliative, but there is r.o question of the fungus 
causing the disease, which would probably be overcome by phosphatic 
manures, and might be destroyed by a weak solution of sulphate of iron, 
one part to ninety-nine of water, applied occasionally in the early stages 
of the fruit growth. That, however, is matter for experiment, and a light 
dressing to the soil might act beneficially. Half an ounce per square 
yard is a full quantity to apply, a quarter of an ounce being safer. 
Names of Plants.— We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
Bhould bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss, soft green grass or leaves form the best packing, dry 
wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at once, 
and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp. 
{Thropton). —Dictamnus Fraxinella. {J. E.). —1, Campanula fragilis ; 
2, Harpalium rigidum ; 3, Lilium tigrinum ; 4, Monarda didyma. 
{G, S .).—Stenactis speciosa. {Oxon ).— Francoa appendiculata. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET. —August 13th. 
Market getting quiet; supplies of soft fruit falling off; hothouse goods lower. 
FEUIT. 
8. 
a. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Apples, J sieve. 
0 
0 
to 0 
0 
Grapes, per Ih. 
l 
3 
to 3 
O 
„ Nova Scotia and 
Lemons, case. 
10 
0 
15 
O 
Canada, per barrel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Melons, each . 
1 
0 
2 
O 
„ Tasmanian, p. case 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges, per 100 .. .. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Cherries, per $ sieve 
3 
6 
10 
0 
Peaches, dozen. 
1 
0 
8 
0 
Currants, Black J sieve 
7 
0 
0 
0 
St. Michael Pines, each.. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
„ Red, 4 sieve .. 
4 
6 
0 
0 
Strawberries, per lb. .. 
0 
2 
0 
& 
VEGETABLES. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Artichokes, dozen .. .. 
Asparagus, bundle .. 
0 
0 
to 0 
0 
Mushrooms, punnet 
1 
6 
to 2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mustard .ft Cress, punnet 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. .. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Onions, bushel. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Beet, Red, dozen .. .. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Parsley, do'en bunches 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Brussels Sprouts, £ sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips, dozen .. .. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Cabbage, dozen 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Carrots, bunch .. .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
„ New, per lb. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen.. .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Rhubarb, bundle .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Celery, bundle. 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Salsafy, bundle .. .. 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Coleworts, do', bunches 
o 
0 
4 
0 
Scorzonera, bundle .. .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Cucumbers, doz. 
2 
0 
3 
6 
Seakale, per bkt. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Endive, dozen. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. 
Spinach, bushel .. .. 
0 
8 
0 
0 
Herbs, bunch. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
1 
0 
2 
G 
Leeks, bunch. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes, per lb. 
0 
3 
0 
5 
Lettuce, dozen. 
0 
9 
1 
8 
Turnips, bunch .. .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
CUT 
FLOWERS. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
2 
0 to 4 
0 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
Asters, per bunch, French 
0 
9 
l 
0 
bunches. 
4 
0 
to 9 
G 
„ English, 12 bnchs. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Mignonette, 12 bunches.. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Bouvardias, bunch 
0 
6 
1 
0 
„ Fr.,large bnch 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Carnations, 12 bunches .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Pansies, dozen bunches .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
„ 12 blooms .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Pelargoniums, 12 trusses 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Calceolaria, doz. bunches 
4 
0 
6 
0 
„ scarlet, 12 bnchs 
3 
0 
6 
G 
Cornflower, doz. bunches 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Pinks (various), doz. bchs. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Dahlias, dozen bunches.. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Primula(double)12 sprays 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Eschscholt ia, 12 bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Ranunculus, doz. bunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Eucharis, dozen 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Roses (indoor), dozen .. 
0 
6 
1 
6 
Forget-me-not, doz. bnch. 
1 
6 
4 
0 
„ Moss 1 Eng.), 12 bch. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Gardenias, 12 blooms .. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
,, Red (Eng.) 12 bch. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Iris, various, dozen bnchs. 
Lapageria, 12 blooms 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ Red, 12 blooms .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ Tea, white, dozen.. 
1 
0 
3 
G 
Gladiolus, 1 1 bunches .. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
„ Yellow. 
2 
0 
4 
O 
Gypsophila, per bunch, Fr. 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Stocks, dozen bunches .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Lilium, various, 12 blms. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Sweet Peas, 12 bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ longiflorum,12blms. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms .. 
0 
3 
0 
9 
Marguerites, 12 bunches 
2 
0 
6 
0 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
a. 
Aralia Sieboldi, dozen .. 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Geraniums Scarlet, p. doz. 
3 
0 to 6 
0 
Arbor Vitse (golden) doz. 
6 
0 
8 
0 
Heliotrope, per doz. 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Azalea, various, per dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Hydrangea, doz. pots .. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Calceolaria, per doz. 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Lilium lancifolium, doz. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Climbing Plants, various, 
„ longiflorum, doz. 
12 
0 
24 
0 
dozen pots. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Lily of the Valley, 12 pots 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Crassula, per dozen 
9 
0 
24 
0 
Lobelia, per doz. 
S 
0 
4 
0 
Cyclamen, per dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Deutzia, 12 pots .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mignonette, per dozen .. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Dracaena terminalis, doz. 
24 
0 
42 
0 
Musk, per dozen 
2 
0 
4 
G 
„ viridis, dozen .. 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Myrtles, dozen. 
6 
0 
12 
O 
Epiphyllum, per dozen .. 
Erica, Cavendishi, per pt. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Nasturtiums, dozen pots 
3 
0 
4 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Palms, in var., each 
Pelargoniums, per doz. .. 
2 
6 
51 
0 
„ various, dozen 
12 
0 
18 
0 
6 
0 
12 
G 
Euonymus, var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Rhodanthe, per dozen .. 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Evergreens, in var., do en 
Ferns, in variety, dozen.. 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Saxifraga pyramidalis, 
4 
0 
18 
0 
per do'en . 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Ficus elastica, each.. 
1 
6 
7 
0 
Spiraea, 12 pots. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Foliage plants, var., each 
2 
0 
n 
0 
Stocks, per doz. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Fuchsia, per doz. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Tropasolums, various, per 
Geraniums, Ivy, per doz. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
dozen . 
3 
0 
6 
0 
PROFITABLE FORAGE PLANTS. 
Every season has its special lessons, and among those of this 
year the full growth of forage plants is very remarkable, affording 
an opportunity as it does for a comparison of bulk of crop, which 
may be turned to account subsequently ; for in such a wet summer 
we see much of what is possible in the growth of such plants, and 
full recognition is given to the superiority of the best, if only they 
are seen under cultural conditions favourable to that full develop¬ 
ment which is*now possible. 
Of herbage for dairy cows we have certainly nothing better than 
Cocksfoot. See it now among the aftermath in pasture where it 
predominates. How rampant and free is its tender succulent 
growth ! How fond the cows are of it ! and how quickly it springs 
up again and again however closely they crop it off ! For the tenant 
farmer such a grass is invaluable, as it is certain to repay him for 
high cultivation, and to afford a quick return upon his outlay for 
