332 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ October 16,1890. 
unprecedented record, which would have been impossible a few years 
ago, and which even now could only be made by one who lives in such 
a paradise of dwarf Teas as Mr. Burnside does. 
It would be ungracious while writing on the past Bose season to 
omit to mention the loss the Bose world has sustained by the death of 
Mr. Henry Bennett of Shepperton, to whom we owe so many beautiful 
and valuable flowers. Heinrich Schultheis. Her Majesty, Mrs. John 
Laing, Princess of Wales, Grace Darling, Viscountess Folkestone, and 
Cleopatra testify to the zeal and intelligence with which he carried out 
his work. While doubting the value of his first introductions (and not 
one of them is in cultivation now I believe) I at the same time stated 
that I believed be was on the right track, and that we might expect 
much from his work. In this assuredly w T e have not been disappointed, and 
we can only regret that we are not to see any more fruit of his labours. 
As a raiser of new Boses he will ever be gratefully remembered by all 
rosarians. 
Such are my views of the past, and now we are busy preparing for 
the future. Wood has so well ripened that many are even now 
talking of planting. Let us hope no disappointments await us in the 
future, but that all may be couleur de Rose. —D., Deal. 
New Boses. 
I can supplement Mr. W. B. Eaillem’s interesting note on new Boses> 
as far as concerns Augustine Guinoisseau. I bought some very small 
but healthy plants from Mr. II. Bennett in the spring this year; they have 
grown well and flowered frequently, in fact wonderfully, considering 
what tiny plants they were in May. The flower is a fairly large ore 
and rich 1 y scented, but I do not think it resembles much its parent 
La France, and it certainly will never be so good a Bose as La France. 
For all that I think it is worth having in a collection, as it seems to me a 
free grower, and may develope into a higher class Bose when well 
established. 
Mr. Baillem’s remarks about Lady Castlereagh I also endorse. It is 
a poor Bose, and it has not a single good characteristic to recommend it. 
I am glad to see my friend Mr. Benjamin Cant properly describes it as 
“form indifferent.” It would be misleading to give it good name.— 
Charles J. Grahame, Croydon. 
Mr. Baillem’s remarks on Boses are always welcome and valuable. 
I venture to endorse most heartily what he says of Lady Castlereagh, in 
which Bose 1 fail to see a redeeming point. I was much struck with a 
midland grower’s experience of Sir B. Hill reverting to Chas. Lefebvre. 
This year one of several plants of Sir B. Hill budded by myself has 
appeared in wood and flower to be exactly Chas. Lefebvre. I naturally 
concluded that I had by mistake inserted a bud of Chas. Lefebvre, but 
now I am inclined to believe that it is a case of Sir B. Hill reverting to 
the character of its parent. May I hope for any remarks of rosarians 
on this Bose, which, I must confess, with me is not a good grower, and 
singularly sensitive.— Henry B. Biron, Lympne Vicarage. 
Local Bose Exhibitions and the Amateur Class. 
Taking a review of the past Bose exhibiting season, I think the 
time has arrived when there should be something more definite as to 
the word amateur, as at present there seems to be no limit. There are 
gentlemen who grow and cultivate two or three acres of Boses ; they 
compete in the amateur and open class against nurserymen at the same 
time and beat both, and yet they say they are amateurs. Again, there 
are growers who grow and cultivate not more than a thousand plants. 
Undoubtedly they are amateurs (according to the definition of Walker 
and Webster) because they cultivate their Boses without aid, but the large 
growers do not. But mark the difference of the two in a competition 
point of view ; can anyone say that it is fair for these two amateurs 
to compete in the same class ? I say decidedly, No, and maintain that 
anyone who cultivates more than half an acre of Boses ought not, 
especially those who cultivate two or three acres. If labour is em¬ 
ployed in the cultivation of Boses, does not reason say, as a matter of 
necessity, it must be professional labour, or, in other words, one who 
has made it his business to practically understand Bose culture, and, 
as a matter of fact, partly or wholly lives by it ? Such being the case, the 
word amateur is certainly out of the question if the exhibitor grows so 
large a quantity that he cannot cultivate them without assistance. 
Again, I ask, where lies his claim to exhibit as an amateur? My 
opinion is that there ought to be a class especially for large growers, 
but in the event of there not being sufficient funds to provide for an 
additional class, they ought to be classed with the nurserymen, with 
whom they are quite able to hold their own, according to their previous 
performances. I think it would be well for committees of local Bose 
exhibitions before they frame their schedu’es for the ensuing year to 
ponder over these observations, hoping they will see the injustice of 
the past, so that they may be enabled in future to frame them on a 
more equitable basis.—A n Exhibitor. 
GROWING AND SELLING FRUIT. 
{Continued from page 310.) 
Nuts. 
A great deal of money is often made from this fruit by the 
Kent growers, and it has an advantage over most other things, as it 
will grow best on warm dry banks on any soil containing limestone, 
and will also grow in places that are too stony for other fruits to 
thrive to perfection. It is not advisable to plant too many of 
these north of London, unless the situation is warm and thoroughly 
exposed to the sun. In Kent they are often grown as an under 
crop among standaid Apples, but further north they do not ripen 
in shady positions. 
Planting. —The plants may be raised from cuttings, but are 
not so easily managed as Currants or Gooseberries, and take longer 
to reach a good size ready for planting out ; it is therefore best to 
purchase them, as they are sold very cheaply in Kent. When 
planted in their permanent quarters they should be not less than 
12 feet apart each way, and as they are five or six years before they 
bear much fruit Gooseberries or Currants are often planted between 
them, or the ground may be cropped with other things. Planting, 
should be done between October and March, as for other fruits. 
Cost of planting an acre with Nuts only would be about £5. 
Cultivation. —This consists mainly in keeping the ground 
clear of weeds, and digging it over with forks in the winter. Nuts 
do not, as a rule, require any manure, but it will do them no harm 
if applied to other crops growing among them. A plantation when 
once established will last for fifty years with proper attention. 
Pruning. —They are best grown on a clear stem not less than 
1 foot in height, and trained with about seven main branches 
springing out evenly all round, so as to form a low spreading tree 
shaped like a shallow basin, not more than 4^ to 5 feet in height, 
the centre of the tree being kept open to give abundance of air to 
the crop. Every winter all strong shoots not required for extend¬ 
ing the size of the tree are cut back closely to the main branches,, 
leaving the small twigs, which are not more than 4 inches in length, 
and about the thickness of straws ; these bear small red flowers in 
spring, from which the nuts come in due time. A few of the 
catkins or male flowers should always be left where this is possible, 
or the flowers wo'n’t set, and no crop will follow. Branches of the 
wild Hazel with catkins in flower may be hung among the trees if 
they are scarce. They are pruned in Kent at from 4s. to 12s. 
per 100, according to size. Summer pruning is also of great- 
service to them. About July all strong shoots should be taken out 
of the centre of the trees, and those springing up from the roots 
also. They are best twisted off with the aid of a small wooden, 
mallet instead of cutting them, as they do not shoot out again so 
soon from the same place. Boys do this summer pruning in Kent 
at 2s. 6d. per 100 trees. Some fruit growers leave these strong 
central shoots until the autumn, when they can be used for making 
the sieves and half sieves for marketing the fruit, but it is better 
to remove them in the summer to prevent weakening of the other 
parts of the tree. 
Gathering and Marketing. —This crop is often gathered* 
green, as soon as the nuts fill the shell, and they are then sent to 
market at once, but the bulk of the crop is left until September 
and October, and then come off the trees easily with a good shaking 
They are then picked up by women and boys, and spread out in a 
dry room on a boarded floor about 9 inches thick, and are turned’ 
over occasionally to prevent moulding. They will keep like this 
for a length of time, but are generally all sent to market by the 
middle of December. Before sending them away they are looked 
over, and all small ones and black ones picked out. They are then, 
sent off to market as required packed in “sieves” just as they 
grow with the husk on, and finished off at top as recommended- 
for Apples. They fetch from Gd. to Is. per lb. according to th& 
market. An acre of trees in full bearing should yield in the best- 
seasons from 15 cwts. to 1 ton, worth at an average price from 
£50 to £70, but it is only in very good seasons that a crop like this- 
can be grown. Sometimes the frost in spring will destroy nearly 
all the crop by killing the flowers or causing the young Nuts 
to fall. Cost of gathering when ripe will be 20s. to 30s. per 
acre. 
Enemies. —Squirrels and rats are the worst, and the only 
remedy is trapping or shooting them. 
Varieties. —The true Kent Cob Nut is the best for general 
culture, being larger and more productive than the Filbert. 
Plums. 
If anything prevents Apples being grown as a “top crop,”' 
Plums will be the most profitable to plant in their place if the- 
situation is not too liable to suffer from late spring frosts. Plums 
are rather uncertain croppers for this reason, but give a good 
return when a crop is secured. 
Planting. —They may be planted as standard trees at 20 feet 
apart each way, and either Gooseberries or Currants grown between, 
them ; or if a mixture of all kinds of fruit is to be grown with 
vegetables, as explained further on, it will be best to plant them 
30 feet apart each way, as for standard Apples ; or if the situa- 
