"December 18.1890. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
551 
Utilising- Houses and Pits {Market'). —The unheated greenhouse 
may be profitably used for growing Grapes, Chasselas Vibert, Foster’s 
White Seedling, Black Hamburgh, Black Prince, and Trentham Black 
are suitable varieties ; and in winter the house would form an admirable 
place for Mushrooms on the cool system in no way interfering with the 
resting of the Vines, the Mushrooms being quite safe with efficient pro¬ 
tection . As there is a bed in the centre and at the sides this arrange¬ 
ment may be inconvenient, therefore it may be used for Strawberries in 
pots, which will come in fully a fortnight to three weeks in advance of 
fruit from outdoor plants. Noble is a profitable variety to grow. The 
Strawberries could be followed by Tomatoes, having the plants raised in 
other structures, so as to be strong for planting out in May. In winter 
the house could be utilised for Christmas Roses (Helleborus niger and 
its varieties), also Marie Louise Violets, both being over by the time of 
introducing Strawberries. There is another purpose to which the house 
could be put—viz., Peaches, but that would preclude the house being 
used in winter for other purposes. Dagmar, Crimson Galande, Stirling 
Castle, Dymond, Prince of Wales, and Sea Eagle are excellent varieties 
for a cool house and market, being good in colour or size and pack well. 
Of course, the house could be used for Cucumbers in summer and Mush¬ 
rooms in winter. You will find “ Mushrooms for the Million ” useful 
if you embark in their culture. The other house is not heated suffici¬ 
ently for the growth of Cucumbers in winter or even in spring, but it 
might be used for them or Tomatoes in summer, one being about as 
profitable as the other ; and in winter it would answer admirably for 
Mushrooms, which well grown are decidedly profitable. You may also 
grow Chrysanthemums, good blooms of late white varieties being 
remunerative. Another plan is to grow Grapes of the late keeping varieties, 
but that would preclude anything else; and an alternative plan is 
to grow midseason Grapes, utilising the house in autumn for Chrysanthe¬ 
mums. No. 1 pit is suitable for Cucumbers and No. 2 pit for Tomatoes, 
which may be followed in the autumn by Mushrooms or Violets. The 
disease in the Cucumbers and Tomatoes is identical. Add a good handful 
of superphosphate of lime to every bushel of your turfy loam, and if 
obtainable about a fourth of clay marl, dried, pounded, and mixed with 
the soil. These additions may not save your plants from the disease, 
but they will render their tissues firmer and less liable to attack and 
severe injury. 
The Costard Apple (J/., Hants). —This Apple is described in the 
“ Fruit Manual ” as follows :—•“ The large oblong five-ribbed and five¬ 
sided Apple, with a green skin and sometimes a brownish tinge on the 
side next the sun, an oDen eye and short stalk, is no doubt synonymous 
with the Catshead, and this accounts for George Lindley saying they 
are the same variety. But there are two other varieties of Costard 
which are undoubtedly distinct, and these are the Herefordshire or 
Dadnor Costai’d and the Gloucestershire Costard, which will be found 
described under these names. The Costard is one of our oldest English 
Apples. It is mentioned under the name of ‘ Poma Costard ’ in the 
fruiterers’ bills of Edward I. in 1292, at which time it was sold for a 
shilling a hundred. The true Costard is now rarely to be met with, but 
at an early period it must have been very extensively grown, for the 
retailers of it were called Costardmongers, an appellation now trans¬ 
formed into costermongers. It is mentioned by William Lawson in 
1597, who, in his quaint style, says, ‘ Of your Apple trees you shall finde 
difference in growth. A good pipping will grow large, and a Costard 
tree : stead them on the north side of your other Apples, thus being 
placed, the least will give sunne to the rest, and the greatest will shroud 
their fellowes.’ Modern authors make the Costard synonymous with 
the Catshead, chiefly, I think, on the authority of Mr. George Lindley, 
who has it so in the “ Guide to the Orchard but this is evidently an 
error. All the early authors who mention both varieties regard them 
as distinct. Parkinson describes two varieties of Costard—the ‘ Gray ’ 
and the ‘Greene.’ Of the former he says, ‘ It is a good great Apple, 
somewhat whitish on the outside, and abideth the winter. The Green 
Costard is like the other, but greener on the outside continually.’ Ray 
describes both the Catshead and Costard as distinct, and Leonard Meager 
enumerates three varieties of Costard in his list—the white, grey, and 
red. Some etymologists, and Dr. Johnson among the number, consider 
this name to be derived from Cost, a head ; but what similarity there is 
between this Apple and a head, more than in any other variety, must 
puzzle anyone to discover. Is it not more probable that it is derived 
from Costatus (Anglice, costate, or ribbed), on account of the promi¬ 
nent ribs or angles on its sides ! I think this a much more likely 
derivation.” 
Names of rruits.—The names and addresses of senders of fruit 
to be named must in all cases be enclosed with the specimens, whether 
letters referring to the fruit are sent by post or not. The names are 
not necessarily required for publication, initials sufficing for that. Only 
Bix specimens can be named at once, and any beyond that number cannot 
be preserved. {A. 13.). —l,Nec plus Meuris ; 2, Not known,and worthless ; 
3, Jersey Gratioli. The Apple is not in a condition to be named, indeed 
none of the fruit display the true character of the varieties. (E . Price). 
—Pears : 1, Chaumontel; 2, Josephine de Malines. Apples : 1, F.ower 
of Kent ; 2, New Hawthornden ; 3, D’Arcy Spice. 
Names of Plants.—We only undertake to name species of plants, 
not varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm boxes. 
Slightly damp moss, soft green grass or leaves form the best packing, dry 
wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at once, 
and the numbers should be visible without untying the ligatures, 
it being often difficult to separate them when the paper is damp, 
(fr. P.). —1, Selaginella Martensi ; 2, Selaginella caulescens. We cannot 
undertake to name Croton and Dracaena leaves. {!>. JL .)\—It is a neatj 
little flower of the Odontoglossum maculatum type-. It is worth, 
preserving, for as the plant becomes stronger the flowers may improve. 
COYENT GARDEN MARKET. —December 17th. 
No alteration in prices. Busins 
3S somewhat better. Hothouse goods 
in 
fair supply;. 
FRUIT. 
8. 
a. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Apples, £ sieve .. .. .. 
i 
6 
to 6 
0 
Lemons, case. 
23 
Oto 28 
0 
„ Nova Scotia and 
Melons, each . 
1 
0 
2 
(f 
Canada, per barrel 15 
0 
23 
0 
Oranges, per 100 .. .. 
4 
0 
9. 
0 
Grapes, per lb. 
0 
9 
8 
0 
St. Michael Pines, each.. 
2 
0 
6 
O' 
Kentish Cobs „ 
65 
0 
70 
0 
Strawberries, per lbi .. 
0 
O’ 
O’ 
O’ 
VEGETABLES. 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Artichokes, dozen .. .. 
0 
0 
to 0 
0 
Mushrooms, punnet 
l 
6 
to 2 
9' 
Beans, Kidney, per lb. .. 
0 
6 
0 
0 
Mustard & Cress, punnet 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Beet, Red, dozen .. .. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bushel. 
Parsley, dozen buncheB 
8 
0 
4- 
0 
Brussels Sprouts, £ sieve 
1 
9 
2 
0 
2 
0 
3 
0. 
Cabbage, dozen .. .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Parsnip's, dozen .. .. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Carrots, bunch .. .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
8 
0 
4 
0 
Cauliflowers, dozen.. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Rhubarb, bundle .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Celery, bundle. 
1 
0 
1 
3 
Salsafy, bundle .. .. 
1 
0 
1 
e 
Coleworts, doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Scorzonera, bundle ,. .. 
1 
8 
0 
O 
Cucumbers, doz. 
2 
0 
8 
6 
Seakale, per bkt. 
2 
0 
2 
6* 
Endive, dozen. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. 
Spinach, bushel .. .. 
0 
3 
U 
o 
Herbs, bunch .. .. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Leeks, bunch. 
Lettuce, dozen. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes, per lb. .. .. 
0 
4 
0 
8- 
0 
9 
1 
S 
Turnips, bunch .. 
0 
0 
0 
4- 
CUT 
FLOWERS, 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
R. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
4 
Oto 8 
0 
Mimosa (Fnch.,1 per bnch 
0 
9 
to 1 
O 
Bouvardias, bunch 
0 
6 
l 
0 
Narciss (Paper - white), 
Carnations, 12 blooms .. 
Chrysanthemum, 1 i blms. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
French, doz. bunches .. 
4 
0 
10 
O 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Do. Do. English, 
„ 12 bunches 
8 
0 
9 
0 
per bunch . 
1 
0 
1 
& 
Epiphyllum, doz. blooms 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Pelargoniums, 12 trasses 
1 
0 
1 
6, 
Eucharis, dozen 
8 
0 
6 
0 
„ scarlet, 12 bnchs 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Gardenias, 12 blooms .. 
Hyacinths (.Roman), doz. 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Poinsettia, dozen blooms 
4 
0 
9 
O- 
Primula(double)12 sprays 
0 
6 
1 
0 
sprays . 
0 
6 
1 
8 
Roses (indoor), dozen .. 
0 
6 
1 
C' 
Lapageria, 12 blooms 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ Red, 12 blooms .. 
1 
0 
2 
ft. 
Lilac (French') per bunch 
5 
0 
7 
6 
„ Tea, white, dozen.. 
1 
0 
3 
0 
„ longiflorum,12 blms. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
„ Yellow. 
3 
0 
5- 
ft 
Lily of the Valley, dozen 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms .. 
0 
4 
0 
sr 
sprays . 
8 
0 
6 
0 
Tulips, per dozen .. 
Violets (Parme) .. .. 
1 
0 
2 
O' 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
3 
0 
4 
6 
bunches. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
„ (dark) . 
1 
6 
2 
&■ 
Marguerites, 12 bunches 
2 
0 
8 
0 
„ (English), doz.bnch 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Mignonette, 12 bunches.. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Wallflower, doz. bunches 
3 
0 
6 
O. 
PLANTS IN POTS. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Aralia Sieboldi, dozen .. 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Hydrangea, doz. pots .. 
9 
0 to 18 
O' 
Arbor Vitae (golden) doz. 
6 
0 
8 
0 
Lilium laneifolium, doz. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Chrysanthemum, per doz. 
6 
0 
24 
0 
„ longiflorum, doz. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Climbing Plants, various, 
Lily of the Valley, per pot 
4 
0 
6. 
ft 
dozen pots. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Lobelia, per doz . 
0 
0 
0 
0, 
Dracaena terminalis, doz. 
24 
0 
42 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen 
6 
0 
12 
0* 
„ viridis, dozen .. 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Mignonette, per dozen .. 
4 
0 
6 
a 
Epiphyllum. per dozen.. 
12 
0 
30 
0 
Musk, per dozen .. .. 
Myrtles, dozen . 
0 
0 
0 
or 
Erica, various, dozen 
12 
0 
18 
0 
6 
0 
12 
o- 
Euonymus, var., dozen .. 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Nasturtiums, dozen pots 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Palms, in var., each. . 
2 
6 
21 
0 
Ferns, in variety, dozen. . 
4 
0 
18 
0 
Pelargoniums, per doz. .. 
0 
0 
0 
’&■ 
Ficus elastica, each. . .. 
1 
6 
7 
0 
Poinsettia, per doz . 
9 
0 
15 
U 
Foliage plants, var., each 
3 
0 
11 
0 
Rhodanthe, per dozen .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fuchsia, per doz. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Stocks, per doz. 
0 
0 
0 
0- 
Geraniums Scarlet, p. doz. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Tropseolnms, various, per 
Hyacinths (Roman), doz. 
dozen . 
0 
0 
0 
O’ 
pots. 
8 
0 
10 
0 
Tulips, dozen pots .. .. 
8 
0 
12 
0 
BUTTER MAKING, 
We were pleasantly reminded that we had written nothing on* 
this subject for some time by an able address before the Northamp¬ 
tonshire Chamber of Agriculture given recently by Mr. T. Nuttalt 
of Beeby, Leicester, the well known veteran lecturer on dairy- 
farming. The address was so practical and the teaching so incisive 
and clear, that the chief points may be usefully recounted here for 
the benefit of our readers. 
At the outset it was insisted upon that the rule cf thumb- 
system must be abolished in dairy farming, and every practical 
detail mastered and reduced to a sound system which would render 
failure practically impossible and raise the quality of our dairy 
produce to the highest standard of excellence. That British dairy 
