July 1, 1886. ] 
JOURNAL OF H0RT1GULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
17 
they are then put into an oven and kept there until they are hardened. Tbe 
wood is also used for butchers’ skewers, hoops, and toothpicks. 
Superphosphate of Lime (TV. S. T.). —It is more useful as a manure 
than bones, because it is more soluble in water. If ws bury a b me it will 
remain almost unaltered for years ; but if we break it into small pieces it 
■decays much sooner, and if put round the roots of Cabbages will soon 
make them grow more fine and vigorously. Cabbages, however, are not the 
only garden vegetables benefited by bone manure, for phosphate of lime is 
one of the most constant constituents of all plants. Of this phosphate, 
therefore, the soil is deprived by every crop it bears, and to restore this 
phosphate to the soil is an object with every cultivator. It was long since 
shown by chem'sts that phosphate of lime is the chief ingredient in all 
bones, and consequently these by degrees have become one of the most 
extensively used manures. In every 100 lbs. of sheep’s bones there are 
70 lb3. of phosphate of lime ; in 100 lbs. of horses’ bones sixty-eight of that 
phosphate ; and in the same quantity of ox bones 55 lbs. As phosphate of 
lime is insoluble in water, and even bone dust is slow in decaying, it was 
■suggested that by dissolving it in a strong acid, superphosphate of lime, a 
substance soluble in water, would be formed, and also all the other con¬ 
stituents of the bone be pr< sented to the roots of the crop in a most available 
form. This process is said to have been first adopted by Mr. Fleming of 
Borrochan, N.B., in the year 1841. He employed muriatic acid (spirit of 
ealt) to dissolve the bones, but it was subsequently found that sulphuric 
acid (oil of vitriol) was both cheaper and better. 
Photographs of Leaves ( B. B .).—The following process has been 
recommended for the purpose you name :—At any druggists get a little 
bichromate of potash. Put this in a 2-oz. bottle of soft water. When the 
solution becomes saturated—that is, the water has dissolved as it will, pour 
off some of the clear liquid into a shallow dish ; on this float a piece of 
•ordinary writing-paper till it is thoroughly and evenly moistened. Let it 
become nearly dry, in the dark. It should be of a bright yellow. On this 
put the leaf; under it a piece of soft black cloth and several sheets of paper. 
Put these between two pieces of glass (all the pieces should be of the same 
size), and fasten them all together tightly. Expose to a bright sun, placing 
the leaf so that the rays will fall upon it as nearly perpendicular as possible. 
In a few minutes it will begin to turn brown, but it requires from half an 
hour to several hours to produce a perfect print. When it has become dark 
■enough, take it from the frame and put it in clear water, which must be 
changed every few minutes, till the yellow part becomes perfectly white. 
Sometimes the venation of the leaves will be quite distinct. By following 
these directions it is scarcely possible to fail, and a little practice will make 
perfect. The photographs, if well taken, are very pretty. 
Names of Plants.—We only undertake to name species of plants, not 
varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern fronds 
should b ar spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm 
boxes. Slightly damp moss or soft green leaves form the best packing, dry 
cotton wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at once. 
(Carex ).—12, Carex muricati (Linn.); 13, Carex vulgaris (Fries.); 14, 
Carex Stellulata (Good); 15, Carex vulgaris (Fries). 
COYENT GARDEN MARKET.— June 30th. 
Trade more brisk at last week’s prices. Outdoor Strawberries making 
their appearance. 
PLANTS IN POTS. 
s. 
a. 
8. 
d. 
s. d. 
s. 
d. 
Aralia Sieboldi .. dozen 
9 
0 to 18 
0 
Ficus elastica 
.. each 
1 6 to 7 
0 
Arbor vitae (golden) dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fuchsia 
per dozen 
6 0 
12 
0 
,, (common) dozen 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Foliage Plants, 
var. each 
2 0 
10 
0 
Arum Lilies . 
,. dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Genistas 
.. dozen 
0 0 
0 
0 
Azaleas .. . 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Hydrangea .. 
per dozen 
6 0 
12 
0 
Bedding Plants, var. doz. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Ivy Geraniums 
per dozen 
3 0 
6 
0 
Begonias 
.. dozen 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Lilies of the 
Valley, in 
Calceolaria . 
per dozen 
4 
0 
9 
0 
pots, per doz. 
0 0 
0 
0 
Cineraria 
.. dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Lobelias .. .. 
per dozen 
4 0 
6 
0 
Cyclamen 
•. dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Marguerite Daisy dozen 
8 0 
12 
0 
Cyperus .. . 
4 
0 
12 
0 
Mignonette .. 
per dozen 
4 0 
8 
0 
Dracaena terminalis, dozen 30 
0 
60 
0 
Musk .. .. 
per dozen 
2 0 
4 
0 
,, viridis .. dozen 12 
0 
24 
0 
Myrtles .. .. 
6 0 
12 
0 
Erica, various 
.. dozen 12 
0 
24 
0 
Palms, in var. 
.. each 
2 6 
21 
0 
Euonymus, in 
var. dozen 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Pelargoniums, scarlet, doz. 
3 0 
6 
0 
Evergreens, in var. dozen 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Pelargoniums 
per dozen 
6 0 
IS 
0 
Ferns, in variety .. dozen 
4 
0 
18 
0 
Spiraea .. .. 
6 0 
12 
9 
CUT 
FLOWERS. 
8. 
d. 
s. 
a. 
8. d. 
8. 
a 
Abutilons ,, 
12 bunches 
2 
0 
to 4 
0 
Marguerites .. 
12 bunches 
3 0 
to 6 
0 
Anemone .. 
doz. bunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mignonette .. 
12 bunches 
3 0 
6 
0 
Arum Lilies . 
12 blooms 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Pelargoniums, per 12 trusses 
0 9 
1 
0 
Azalea .. . 
12 sprays 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ scarlet, 12 trusses 
0 4 
0 
8 
Bouvardia8 . 
per bunch 
0 
6 
i 
0 
Paeonies, various 12 b’ooms 
1 0 
2 
0 
Camellias . 
12 blooms 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Ranunculus .. 
12 bnnche3 
2 0 
4 
0 
Carnations . 
12 blooms 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Roses 
12 bunches 
4 0 
9 
0 
Chrysanthemums 12 bloom3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ (indoor), 
per dozen 
1 0 
s 
0 
V/OWalips .. 
doz. bunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ Tea.. .. 
0 9 
2 
0 
Daffodils 
12 bunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ red 
.. dozen 
1 0 
2 
0 
Epiphyllnm .. 
doz. blooms 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ Moss 
12 bunches 
6 0 
12 
0 
Encharis .. 
per dozen 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Primroses, Ye’low, dozen 
Gardenias 
12 blooms 
2 
0 
4 
0 
dozen bunches 
0 0 
0 
0 
Hellebore 
doz. blooms 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pyrethrum .. 
12 bunches 
4 0 
9 
0 
Hyacinths, Roman, 12 sprays 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Spiraea .. .. 
12 sprays 
9 6 
l. 
0 
ins. 
12 bunches 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Stephanotis .. 
12 sprays 
2 0 
3 
0 
.uapageria, white, 12 blooms 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Tropaeolum .. 
12 bunches 
1 0 
3 
0 
.Liapngena, red 
.-12 blooms 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Tuberoses 
12 blooms 
0 6 
i 
0 
Lilac .. .. 
per bunch 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Violets .. .. 
12 bunches 
0 0 
0 
0 
Lilium longitlorum, 12 bims. 
8 
0 
6 
0 
„ Czar, Fr 
, .. hunch 
0 0 
0 
Lily of the Valley, 12 sprays 
0 
0 
0 
0 
FRUIT. 
a. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. d. 
s. 
a- 
Apples .. 
0 
0 
to 0 
0 
Oranges .. 
4 0 
to 6 
o 
Cobs, Kent .. 
per 100 lbs. 27 
6 
30 
0 
Peaches .. 
4 0 
10 
0 
Figs .. .. 
s 
0 
4 
0 
Pine Apples English .. lb. 
2 0 
3 
0 
Grapes .. 
1 
6 
4 
0 
Plums .. 
0 0 
0 
0 
Lemons .. 
0 
15 
0 
St. Michael Pines ..each 
4 0 
6 
0 
Melon -. , 
1 
6 
8 
6 
Strawberries .. 
• • per lb. 
0 6 
1 
6 
VEGETABLES. 
Artichokes .. 
.. dozen 
8. 
1 
d. 
0 
s. 
to 0 
d 
0 
Lettuce .. •• 
s. 
1 
d. 
0 to 
8. 
1 
a 
6 
Asparagus 
.. bundle 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Mushrooms .. 
..punnet 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Beans, Kidney 
.. lb. 
0 
G 
0 
0 
Mustard and Cress punnet 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Beet, Red 
Broccoli .. .. 
.. dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Ouions .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsley .. dozen bunches 
2 
0 
s 
0 
Brussels Sprouts 
.. 4 sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips .. .. 
i 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage .. .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Potatoes .. .. 
4 
0 
5 
0 
Capsicums 
.. 100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
,, Kidney 
.. cwt. 
4 
8 
5 
0 
Carrots .. .. 
0 
6 
0 
9 
Rhubarb.. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers .. 
.. dozen 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Salsafy .. .. 
1 
0 
i 
6 
Celery .. .. 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Scorzonera 
.. bundle 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Coleworts doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Seakale .. .. 
per basket 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cucumbers .. 
.. each 
0 
8 
0 
6 
Shallots .. .. 
0 
S 
0 
0 
Endive .. .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Spinach .. .. 
8 
0 
4 
0 
Heros .. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes 
0 
8 
0 
0 
Leeks .. .. 
0 
8 
0 
4 
Turnips .. .. 
,, bunch 
0 
4 
0 6 
LESSONS OF THE SEASONS. 
If instead of tbe title of this paper we bad followed our 
first thought and written Drainage at the head of it, would 
not such an indication of our subject have seemed unsea¬ 
sonable and therefore unattractive just now ? Sure enough 
is it that we cannot do drainage now, but we can and do 
mark the effect of recent drainage, and realise fully its 
importance better than at any other season of the year. We 
know it is patent to everybody that drains relieve the soil of 
superfluous water, and science teaches us that in doing this 
we literally make “ the clouds drop fatness,” every shower 
that falls doing much more than cleanse and refresh growing 
crops. Most anxious are we that our readers should realise 
this fully, and keep well abreast of sound scientific research, 
especially that which has been subjected to the test of practical 
application. 
In watching the progress of farm crops this season we 
have been strongly impressed with the value of drains. 
Kepeatedly have we shown in the Journal that the applica¬ 
tion of manure to undrained land is a wasteful proceeding, 
an outcome of ignorance, and folly which we regard with 
regret, and we must add with surprise. Is it possible that 
any thoughtful farmer can look over his growing crops and 
not try and understand why some are vigorous, some 
weakly ? If farmers only would cease to talk of soil as 
strong or weak in the same way a3 they do of an animal, and 
would regard it as a medium for conveying food to plants, 
then we might hope that the minds of such men would be 
open to lessons which the seasons so often bring to them in 
vain. Only a day or two ago we were going over a heavy 
land farm which we have in hand, and part of which was 
drained last winter. The drains were put in rather closely we 
thought, as they were only 8 yards apart, yet we find that 
6 yards would have been better, for immediately over each 
drain the corn is twice as vigorous as it is midway between 
the drains. Nothing can be plainer—no lesson easier to 
learn, and we shall certainly apply its teaching to future prac¬ 
tice. That such vigorous growth over the drains is no mere 
accident is well known to those who understand the science 
of drainage, and we hope to enforce the lesson by a quotation 
from a high authority, Professor Scott, who shows, in “ Farm 
Engineering,” that— 
“ When there is an excess of water in soil, and no provi¬ 
sion exists for withdrawing it, the interstitial canals become 
completely filled to the exclusion of the necessary amount of 
air, on which the activity of the soil considered as a laboratory 
for the production of plant food depends. 
“ When the soil is under-drained the superfluous water 
flows off through the air canals, and only so much moisture 
is retained as can be absorbed by the minuter pores of the 
soil, and as there is then free communication through the 
canals between the pores and the drains, it is evident that 
the water will all be withheld from the soil except that which 
