September 23, 1886. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
269 
are named in the schedule, for if it is right to dieqmlify in one case it 
seems difficult to understand how it can be wrong in the other. If the 
stipulation were for “ twenty-four blooms in not less than eighteen 
varieties ” the judges could not disqualify if there were more than the 
minimum number, as it is implied that more may he staged, but the 
merits of the blooms alone should determine the awards. The framers of 
schedules cannot be too precise in the wording of the classes, for when a 
sentence is capable of more than one interpretation neither exhibitors nor 
judges know exactly what to do to be right.—J. W. 
My experience of judging, which is not slight, and according to 
numerous invitations may increase considerably, enables me to 
appreciate the soundness of the above remarks in every particular. 
As an exhibitor I have been accustomed to examine carefully the 
relative merits of competing stands, and am convinced that in close 
competition the only way in which justice can be insured is by 
“ pointing” the blooms ; and I am further convinced that occasions 
arise when one denominator is not sufficient for gauging with 
exactitude the merits of some of the examples, therefore I am 
strongly of opinion when stands “ point up ” nearly equal in the 
ordinary way that they should be examined again, and their merits 
recorded in the manner suggested. As in the balancing of accounts 
pence must be included as well as shillings, so in ascertaining the 
exact value of stands of Chrysanthemum blooms that approach 
each other in merit, the “ marks,” that bear the same proportion to 
points that pence do to shillings ought not to be ignored. We 
occasionally find that judges, when in a difficulty in respect to two 
collections, find relief in awarding equal prizes ; but this cannot 
be done when a cup or other article of value has to be adjudicated, 
and I suspect that it is no more likely for two stands of blooms to 
be staged absolutely equal in merit, or with not a mark of diffe¬ 
rence, than that two exhibitors shall appear without any dissimi¬ 
larity between them. There is a difference in the blooms, and that 
difference should be found and expressed. This can be done in the 
manner suggested, and I cannot imagine it can be accomplished so 
well in any other way. Nothing is more easy than judging some 
classes : it is close competition that tests the capacity of experts, 
and as it is impossible to foretell how severe the contest may be, 
skilled and independent adjudicators who have reputations to 
maintain should be provided to officiate at shows, and their names 
published in the schedules, good judging being not less important 
than liberal prizes in establishing public confidence in Chrysanthe¬ 
mum societies.—E. Molyneux. 
(To be continued.) 
HEATING BY HOT WATER. 
[Read before the Members of the Preston and FulwODd Floral and Hortic ultural 
Society, August 7th.] 
( Continued from page 248.) 
Horizontal Tubular Boilers.— The “ Red Rose ” boiler is a 
new one, and has been the outcome of the inventive genius of Mr. 
Joseph Witherspoon, Red Rose Yineries, Chester-le-Street, Durham. 
It is described as a horizontal tubular which is formed with a 
number of cast sections ; the number of these sections vary accord¬ 
ing to the amount of piping to be heated. It is a tubular saddle 
boiler and possesses great heating power, for the whole of the heat 
produced by the fuel must be brought into direct contact with the 
heating surface of the boiler. There are no flues to be choked or 
stopped by soot, as is the case with flued saddles, in which the soot 
acts as a non-conductor of heat unless the flues are cleaned daily. 
The boiler, as seen by Fig. 38, has a waterway back and front. 
The sections are braced together by means of wrought iron rods. 
No heat can be lost, for one of the sections acts as a break, the 
same as in a terminal end saddle boiler, which compels the flame, 
after striking the top of the boiler, to pass into the combustion 
chamber beyond. This chamber is full of cross tubes. From 
amongst these the smoke must pass out at the base. The soot box 
can be made any size to last one or ten years, according to its size 
and the material used for fuel. The soot chamber is formed by 
digging a hole in the ground below the cross tubes. If one of the 
sections fail the connecting rods should be unscrewed, and also the 
connections provided for uniting the boiler and flow pipeAj, When 
this has been done the back can be drawn to allow room for the 
removal of the broken section. The remaining sections can be 
pushed up, and when screwed together again the boiler is complete. 
A small addition, however, is needed to the brick flue by making 
the boiler one section shorter, and also a few inches of pipe from 
the boiler to the flow pipe. The sections are connected with india- 
rubber rings, but these do not come in contact with the fire. The 
return pipe is connected with the back of the water bars, close to 
the terminal section. No bricks are required in setting the boiler 
except for it to stand upon to form the ashpit, the soot box, the 
flue from it, and the chimney. No heat is lost by radiation when 
the boiler is placed inside the structure to be heated, which may 
Fig. 40 
with safety be done. Anyone, by paying a visit to the Red Rose 
Yineries, can see the boiler at work in them, and splendid well- 
finished Grapes hanging just above it. It may be well to state that 
when the boiler is placed in such a position the fire and all the 
stoking should be done outside. This boiler is very quick in action, 
economical in fuel, and will burn any kind. It appears to be well 
adapted for churches and public buildings where a quick heating 
boiler is needed. No sinking in the fixture of this boiler is required, 
and this is a great advantage in wet localities, and also for the horti¬ 
cultural trade, to whom the sinking of a stokehole is a serious 
item. 
Mr. J. G. Wagstaff, Alma Iron Works, Dukinfield, Manchester, 
has a very similar boiler to the above, which is a saddle in form, as 
represented by Fig. 39. The tubes, which are in sections, are 
Y-shaped, and therefore expose a large amount of heating surface to 
the fire. This boiler can be incased with brickwork or rendered 
portable by the addition of a saddle over the tubes, as shown in 
Fig. 40. The inner tubular boiler having a corrugated surface and 
waterway back presents three times as much heating surface to direct 
action as the common saddle of the same size. The plain outer 
saddle, owing to the flues passing between the tubes on each side of 
the inner boiler, also receives fairly direct action ; thus the whole 
of the boiler internally is direct heating surface. A good draught 
can always be insured, as horizontal Suing is avoided. The tubular 
