Sep emcer S3, 1386 ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
287 
able to defer sowing until spring, malting the most of the autumn for 
eradicating the weeds. In February, or as soon after as the weather permit, 
apply a dressing of well-decayed manure, spreading it evenly, and letting it 
remain until the close of March, then with an iron rake scratch the ground 
well forwards and backwards, which will assist in getting in the manure 
and form an open surface. Early in April remove the loose portions of 
the manure by raking it evenly, and any stones should at the same time 
he removed.. This will form a good tilth for the grass seeds, which may be 
sown early in April, with an early prospect of rain, and on a fine or calm 
day. The proper kinds to sow are Festuca duriuscula, 4 lbs.; Festuca 
ovina tenuifolia, 2 lbs.; Cynosurus cristatus, 8 lbs.; Poa nemoralis semper- 
virens, 2 lbs. ; and Poa trivialis, 1 lb., a renovating mixture of the choicest 
grasses for one acre. If the lawn is not used for tennis then add 6 lbs. 
Trifolium repens, and 2lbs. Trifolium minus. This is a capital addition, the 
whole for a very bare lawn not being too much ; but if there is a good growth 
of grass already the quantities may be reduced one-half, and if used for 
tennis the Trifoliums must be very sparingly used, as they keep long damp 
towards the end of the season. Rake lightly over after sowing, roll it 
firmly, and spare the lawn as much as practicable early in the season, so as 
to give the grasses a chance of becoming established. 
Orchids Spotted (Pat). —The spot of which you complain is often 
brought about by the soil at the roots of the plants having become sour. 
It is also due to too much water at the roots of the plants and in the 
atmosphere. Nothing will cause the plants to become spotted sooner than 
a close saturated atmosphere. The temperature appears to have been high 
enough. A low temperature when the house is too moist would very soon 
bring about this state of things. We advise you to keep a drier atmosphere, 
and the plants slightly drier at their roots, also provide a circulation of air 
daily when the weather is genial; at the same time you must avoid cold 
draughts, for they are detrimental. If the soil is not sour at the roots and 
you follow the directions given the plants may be grown out of the spot 
another year. If the soil is sour repot the plants at once, remove carefully 
the old material and wash the roots in tepid water, and then place them 
amongst fresh soil. Water must be applied with great care after potting 
until they commence growing and rooting in spring. When the air in the 
house holds the greatest possible amount of aqueous vapour in suspension, 
or, in other words, when it is fully charged with moisture, the two ther¬ 
mometers on the hygrometer will stand at the same level; but as the 
amount of moisture decreases the wet bulb thermometer will sink, and the 
greater the dryness of the atmosphere the greater will be the difference 
between the two thermometers. During the day, if the dry-bulb ther¬ 
mometer stands at say 7C°, the wet-bulb thermometer Bhould he about 69°, 
and at night if the dry thermometer registers 70° the wet one should be 
about 66°. These figures are given as examples, but they will be found to 
vary considerably with the different changes of temperature and seasons. 
By means of a set of tables published by “ Glaisher ” in pamphlet form you 
can find the ratio of the weight of vapour which the air actually contains, 
to that which it would contain if it were completely saturated. We advise 
you to procure Mr. Castle’s book on Orchids, published at this office, price Is., 
post free Is. 2Jd., which will give you further useful information, not only on 
the subject of hygrometry, but on the history and culture of Orchids 
generally. 
Renovating Fruit Trees ( Young Gardener). —A start should be made at 
once, and all puny growths that have been made during the season cut clean 
out of the trees. Reserve the best and strongest. These should have been 
shortened back to within 4 inches of the main stems at midsummer, or soon 
after, and then all sub-growths broken out at this season of the year. No 
time must be lost in clearing out superfluous shoots, and shortening others 
so that light and air can penetrate to the fruit spurs, which are now pro¬ 
bably hidden from light by a crowded mass of growths. If pruning has 
been done as you describe they cannot well be in any other condition, un¬ 
less the trees are very thin, and even then the necessary light and air will 
not reach those portions of the tree from which the fruit another year is ex¬ 
pected. These growths only serve to rob the trees of their fertility and 
give endless labour during the winter in pruning. About the end of 
October, before the leaves fall, you may finally prune the trees. Then, or 
as soon as their fruit has been gathered, commence to root-prune them. If 
this has never been done since the trees were planted you must exercise 
great care and caution in the operation. Under BUch circumstances cut a 
trench a good distance from the stem all round the trees, and then work the 
soil back until you come to the roots. Shorten the strong ones sufficiently 
to check the trees, which will cause them to form fruit buds in abundance 
next season. If the trees have not been lifted for a good time we advise 
you not to approach too near the stem, but leave a good ball of soil undis¬ 
turbed. Trees lifted or severely root-pruned would require two or three 
years to recover sufficiently to bear any but poor small fruits. If the soil 
is poor procure some good fibry loam, and add about one 6-inch potful of 
half-inch bones to each barrowful of soil, one-seventh of decayed manure 
might also be added. Three or four barrowfuls or more of this may with 
advantage be placed about the roots of the trees. When you have completed 
this mulch the surface with manure, which can be forked into the ground 
in spring if appearance is an object, or allow it to remain on the surface 
during the Bummer. This would be best if you could do so. By lifting 
early while the trees have their leaves upon them they make a few fresh 
roots before winter, and start into growth with greater freedom the follow¬ 
ing spring. After the trees have been once lifted they may as they become 
too luxuriant be more severely dealt with. They will have made a quantity 
of fibres, and the cutting away of a good quantity of roots will not cause 
such a great check as would be the case if you did this at first after being 
undisturbed for many years. 
Names of Fruits.—The names and addresses of senders of fruit to be named 
must in all cases be enclosed with the specimens, whether letters referring 
to the fruit are sent by post or not. The names are not necessarily required 
for publication, initials sufficing for that. Only six specimens can be 
named at once, and surplus fruits beyond that number cannot be preserved. 
(Nemo). —1, Doyenne Boussoch; 2, Peche ; 3, Bishop’s Thumb. (W. W-). — 
Plums cannot be named correctly unless a portion of the young wood and 
the stalks accompany the fruit. 1 is Cox’s Emperor ; the other two we 
cannot name without these requirements, (T. Stephens). —1, Springrove 
Ccdlin ; 2, Sussex Peach ; 3, Not known—worthless ; 4, Beurrb Caprau- 
mont; 5 and 6, Not known. (W. F. C .).—Denbigh Plum. (3. E. R.).— 
Dunmore Plum. (Pomona). —1, Pigeon; 2, Hawthornden ; 3, Warner’s 
King ; 5, Small’s Admirable ; 4 and 6, Not known. 
Names of Plants.—We only undertake to name species of plants, not 
varieties that have originated from seed and termed florists’ flowers. 
Flowering specimens are necessary of flowering plants, and Fern frond3 
should bear spores. Specimens should arrive in a fresh state in firm 
boxes. Slightly damp moss or soft green leaves form the best packing, dry 
cotton wool the worst. Not more than six specimens can be named at once. 
(Amesbury). —Crataegus coccinea. (J. F., Collumpton). —The yellow flower 
is Lysimachia vulgaris. The other is Euonymus microphylla. (W. 3 .).— 
I, Erythrina Crista-galli; 2, Taurus Camphora, the Camphor Tree, and not 
the “ Victory Laurel,” which is Ruscus racemosus. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.— September 22nd. 
Trade quiet, with no alteration. Supplies heavy. 
FRUIT, 
d. s. d. 
Apples. b sieve 1 6 to 4 0 
Cherries. 4 sieve 0 0 0 0 
C urrants, Black .. 4 sieve 0 0 0 0 
„ Red .. J sieve 0 0 0 0 
Figs . dozen 0 6 0 9 
Grapes.lb. 0 6 SO 
Lemons...case 10 0 15 0 
s. d. s. d. 
Melon .each I 0 to 2 0 
Oranges •• •« .. 100 6 0 12 0 
Peaohes.perdoz. 2 0 4 0 
Pine Apples English., lb. 2 0 4 0 
Plums. J sieve 10 2 0 
9t. Michael Pines ..each 4 0 6 0 
Strawberries.. .. per lb. 0 0 0 0 
VEGETABLES. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d 
Artichokes 
.. dozen 
1 
0 to 0 
0 
Asparagus 
.. bundle 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Beans, Kidney 
per bushel 
3 
0 
3 
0 
Beet, Red 
.. dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Broccoli .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Brussels Sprouts 
.. f sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cabbage .. 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Capsicums 
, . 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Carrots .. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers 
.. dozen 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Celery 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Coleworts 
doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Cucumbers 
.. each 
0 
8 
0 
4 
Endive .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Herb3 ,. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Leeks 
0 
8 
0 
4 
s. d. s. d 
Lettuce.dozen 1 0 to 1 6 
Mushrooms .. ..punnet 0 6 10 
Mustard and Cress punnet 0 2 0 0 
Onions •• ,. bunch 0 3 0 0 
Parsley .. dozen bunches 3 0 SO 
Parsnips.dozen 10 2 0 
Potatoes. cwt. 4 0 6 0 
,, Kidney .. cwt. 4 9 6 0 
Rhubarb.bundle 0 3 0 6 
Salsafy •• •• •• bundle 10 10 
Scorzonera .. .. bundle 16 0 0 
Soakale .. .. per basket 0 0 0 0 
Shallots. Ib.OS 0 6 
Spinach .. .. .. bushel 8 0 4 4 
Tomatoes .. .. •• lb. 0 2 0 6 
Turnips .. .. .. bunch 0 4 0 0 
PLANTS IN POTS. 
Aralia Sieboldi .. dozen 
Arbor vitae (golden) dozen 
,, (common) dozen 
Arum Lilies .. .. dozen 
Bedding Plants, var. doz. 
Begonias .. .. dozen 
Calceolaria .. per dozen 
Cineraria .. .. dozen 
Cockscombs per dozen 
Crassula .. per dozen 
Cyperus.dozen 
Dr acre u a terminalis, dozen 
„ viridis .. dozen 
Erica, various .. dozen 
Euonymus, in var. dozen 
Evergreens, in var. dozen 
Ferns, in variety .. dozen 
8. 
d. 
8 . 
Q. 
8 . 
d. 
9 
0 to 18 
0 
Ficus elastica .. each 
i 
6 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fuchsia .. per dozen 
2 
6 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Foliage Plants, var. each 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Heliotrope .. per dozen 
4 
9 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Hydrangea .. per dozen 
6 
0 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Ivy Geraniums per dozen 
0 
0 
3 
0 
6 
0 ; 
Lilium auratum per doz. 12 
0 
0 
0 
0 
ft 
„ lancifolium per doz. 
9 
0 
8 
0 
4 
0 
„ longiflorum per doz 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Lobelias .. .. per dozen 
0 
0 
4 
0 
12 
0 
Marguerite Daisy dozen 
6 
0 
so 
0 
60 
0 
Mignonette .. per dozen 
3 
0 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Musk .. .. per dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Myrtles.dozen 
6 
0 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Palms, in var. .. each 
2 
6 
6 
0 
24 
0 
Pelargoniums, Bcarlet, doz. 
8 
0 
4 
0 
18 
0 
Pelargoniums per dozen 
6 
0 
CUT 
FLOWERS. 
s. d. 
7 0 
6 0 
10 0 
6 0 
13 0 
0 0 
80 • 
18 0 
0 0 
0 0 
9 0 
6 0 
0 0 
12 0 
21 0 
6 0 
9 0 
Abntilons .. 12 bunches 
Ageratum .. 12 bunche3 
Arum Lilies .. 12 blooms 
Asters .. .. 12 bunches 
Bouvardias .. per bunch 
Camellias .. 12 blooms 
Carnations .. 12 blooms 
„ .. 12 bunches 
Chrysanthemums 12 bches. 
„ 12 blooms 
Coreopsis •• 12 bunches 
Cornflower .. ISbuDohes 
Dahlias •• 12 bunches 
Epiphyllum .. doz. blooms 
Eucharis •• per dozen 
Gardenias •• 12 blooms 
Gladioli .. 12 bunches 
Hyacinths.Roman,12 sprays 
Iris.12 bunches 
Lapageria, white, 12 blooms 
Lapngeria, red .. 12 blooms 
Lavender dozen bunches 
Lilium candidum 12 blms. 
„ longiflorum, 12 blms. 
s. 
d. 
6. 
a. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
a. 
2 
0 to 4 
0 
Lily of the Valley, 12 sprays 
0 
0 
to 0 
0 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Marguerites .. 
12 bunohes 
2 
0 
6 
0 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Mignonette .. 
12 bunches 
1 
0 
3 
0 
0 
3 
0 
6 
Myosotis 
12 bunches 
1 
6 
s 
0 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Pelargoniums, per 12 trusses 
0 
9 
1 
0 
6 
0 
9 
0 
„ scarle 
, 12 trusses 
0 
s 
0 
« 
1 
0 
8 
0 
Roses 
12 bunches 
2 
0 
9 
0 
S 
0 
6 
0 
„ (indoor), 
per dozen 
0 
6 
2 
0 
s 
0 
6 
0 
., Tea.. .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
1 
0 
3 
0 
„ red 
.. dozen 
0 
8 
1 
0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
„ Moss 
12 bunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Primroses, Yellow, dozen 
2 
0 
4 
0 
bunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pyrethrum .. 
12 bunches 
8 
0 
6 
0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Spireea .. .. 
12 sprays 
9 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Stephanotis .. 
12 sprays 
2 
0 
4 
0 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Stocks, various 
12 hunches 
3 
0 
5 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Sunflowers 
0 
6 
i 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Sweet Peas .. 
12 bunches 
g 
0 
4 
0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Sweet Sultan 
12 bunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Tropasolum .. 
12 bunches 
0 
0 
0 
0 
4 
0 
5 
0 
Tuberoses 
12 blooms 
0 
4 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Violets .. .. 
12 bunches 
1 
0 
0 
0 
3 
0 
6 
0 
„ Czar, Fr. 
.. bunch 
0 
0 
0 
0 
AFTEE HAEYEST. 
While giving due attention to the timely and careful 
preparation of seed beds for winter corn, let us not forget to 
