326 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
t Oc'ober 7, 1883. 
venation and form of the leaves of S. polaris, Wahl., from the pre-Glacia 
beds of Cromer, present no approach towards the peculiarities of its ally 
S. herbacea, L., but exhibit them exactly as they appear in the living 
plant. This is the more noteworthy as the vegetative organs supply, as a 
rule, the least stable of the characters employed in the diagnosis ot species. 
The single Moss (Hypnum turgescens, S:himp.) is no longer included in 
the British flora, but is still found as an Arctic and Alpine species in 
Europe, and the pre-Glacial specimens of this cellular plant differ in no 
respect from their living representatives. 
The older beds containing the remains of existing species, which are 
found also at Cromer, have recently been explored with unwearied diligence 
and great success by Mr. Clement Reid, F.G.S., an officer of the Geological 
Survey of England. To him I am indebted for the opportunity of examin¬ 
ing the specimens which he has found, and I have been able to assist him 
in some of his determinations, and to accept all of them. His collections 
contain sixty-one species of plants belonging to forty-six different genera, 
and of these forty-seven species have been identified. Slabs of clay-iron¬ 
stone from the beach at Happisburgh contain leaves of Beach, Elm, Oak, 
and Willow. The materials, however, which have enabled Mr. Reid to 
record so large a number of species are the fruits or seeds which occur 
chiefly in mud or clay, or in the peat of the forest bed itself. The species 
consist mainly of water or marsh plants, and represent a somewhat colder 
temperature than we have in our own day, belonging, as they do, to the 
Arctic facies of our existing flora. 
Only one species (Trapa natans, L.) has disappeared from our islands ; 
its fruits, which Mr. Reid found abundantly in one locality, agree with 
those of the plants found until recently in the lakes of Sweden. Four 
species (Prunus spinosa, L., (Enanthe Lachenalii, Gviel., Potamogeton 
heterophyllus, Schreb., and Pinus Abies, L.) are found at present only in 
Europe, and a fifth (Potamogeton trichoides, Cham.) extends also to North 
America ; two species (Peucedanum palustre, Mcench, and Pinus sylvestris, 
L.) are found also in Siberia, whilst six more (Sanguisorba officinalis, L., 
Rubus fruticosus, L., Cornus sanguinea, L., Euphorbia amygdaloides, L., 
Quercus Robur, L.,and Potamogeton crispus, L.) extend into Western Asia, 
and two (Fagus sylvatica, L., and Alnus glutinosa, L.) are included in the 
Japanese flora. Seven species, while found with the others, enter also into 
the Mediterranean flora, extending to North Africa : these are Thalictrum 
minus, A., Thalictrum flavum, L., Ranunculus repens, A., Stellaria aquatica, 
Scop., Corylus Avellana, A., Zannichellia palustris, A., and Cladium Mariscus, 
Br. With a similar distribution in the Old World, eight species (Bidens 
tripartita, A., Myosotis csespitosa, Schultz, Suseda maritima, Bum., Cerato- 
phyllum demersum, A., Sparganium ramosum, Huds., Potamogeton pecti- 
natus, A., Carex paludosa, Good, and Osmunda regalis, A, are found also in 
North America. Of the remainder, ten species (Nuphar luteum, Sm., 
Menyanthes trifoliate, A., Stachys palustris, A., Rumex maritimus, A., 
Rumex Acetosella, A., Betula alba, A., Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf., Taxus 
baccata, A., and Isoetes lacustris, A., extend round the north temperate 
zone, while three (Lycopus europmus, A., Alisma Plantago, A., and Phrag- 
mites communi, Trin.), having the same distribution in the north, are found 
also in Australia, and one (Hippuris vulgaris. A.) in the south of South 
America. The list is completed by Ranunculus aquatilis, A., distributed 
over all the temperate regions of the globe, and Scirpus lacustris, A., which 
is found in many tropical regions as well. 
The various physical conditions which necessarily affected these Bpecies 
in their diffusion over such large areas of the earth’s surface in the course 
of, say, 250,000 years, should have led to the production of many varieties, 
but the uniform testimony of the remains of this considerable pre-Glacial 
flora, as far as the materials admit of a comparison, is that no appreciable 
change has taken place. 
I am unable to carry the history of any existing species of plant beyond 
the Cromer deposits. Some of the plant-remains from Tertiary strata have 
been referred to still living species, but the examination of the materials, 
as far as they have come before me, convinces me that this haa been done 
without sufficient evidence. The physical conditions existing during even 
the colder of the Tertiary periods were not suitable to a flora fitted to 
dersist in these lands in our day, even if the period of great cold had not 
intervened to destroy them. And in no warmer region of the earth do these 
Tertiary species now exist, though floras of the same facies occur, containing 
closely allied species. The sedimentary beds at the base of the Glacial 
epoch contain, as far as we at present know, the earliest remains of any 
existing species of plant. 
It is not my purpose to point out the bearing of these facts on any 
theoretical views entertained at the present day : I wish merely to place 
them before tbe members of this Section as data which must be taken into 
account in constructing such theories, and as confirming the long-established 
axiom that by us, at least, as workers, species must be dealt with as fixed 
quantities.— (Nature.) 
HARDY FRUIT SHOW AT THE CRYSTAL PALACE. 
OCTOBER 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th. 
An excellent show of Apples is provided at Sydenham this week, the 
fruits being very satisfactory in size and quality. Pears are not so fine, in 
fact are rather small. Vegetables are good, and the miscellaneous collections 
numerous. 
The leading class is that for the best collection of kitchen and dessert 
Apples, six fruits of each variety ; and in a very strong competition Messrs. 
G. Bunyard & Sons, Maidstone, have won the premier honours, showing 
131 dishes of superb fruits, remarkable both for size and colour. A few of 
the best varieties only can be noted, but all those staged are excellent repre¬ 
sentatives of the respective sorts. Warner’s King is handsome, some 
weighing over 1 lb. each ; Emperor Alexander, The Queen, Tower of Glamis, 
Gloria Mundi, Cellini, Red Hawthornden, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville, Manx 
Codlin, Alfriston, Schoolmaster, Wealthy (American), bright red; Cox’s 
Pomona, Golden Spire, Melon Apple, Lord Grosvenor, Small’s Admirable, 
Washington, Grenadier, Stirling Castle, Co'onel Vaughan, Yellow Ingestrie, 
Margil, Old English Codlin, Worcester Pearmain, King of the Pippins, 
Duchess of Oldenburgh, Duchess’s Favourite, Sandringham, Mere de 
Menage, Ringer, Cardinal, Golden Noble, and Court Pendu Plat. The 
second place is taken by Mr. John Watkins, Pomona Farm Withington, 
Hereford, with 112 dishes, the majority of fruits very large and well 
coloured. Especially good are Duchess of Oldenburg, Peaegood’s Nonsuch, 
Warner’s King, New Hawthornden, Red Costard, Tom Putt, Ecklinville 
Seedling, King of the Pippins, Worcester Pearmain, Mere de Manage, 
Emperor Alexander, Calville Rouge, and Golden Noble. Mr. C. G. Sclater, 
Birchy Barton, Heavitree, Exeter, is third with 96 dishes, including some 
very fine samples of Peaegood’s Nonesuch, Gloria Mundi, Yorkshire Beauty, 
Catshead, Mere de Mbnage, Golden Noble, Tom Putt, and Dumelow’s Seed¬ 
ling. Mr. David C. Powell, Powderham, Kenton, Exeter, is fourth, also 
with about the same number of dishes as the third, the fruits fine, but not 
quite so highly coloured. Ten collections are exhibited, or a total of over 
1000 dishes. 
In the amateurs’ class for twenty-four dishes of Apples Mr. W. Edward?, 
gardener to H. Higgins, Esq., Shinghill, Hereford, is first with fine samples of 
Peasgood’s Nonsuch, Bedfordshire Foundling, Pott’s Seedling, Waltham 
Abbey, Gloria Mundi, Warner’s King, Lady Henniker, Dumelow’s Seedling, 
Annie Elizabeth, Blenheim Orange, Tower of Glamis, Yorkshire Beauty, 
Alfriston, Costard, Alexander, Ecklinville Seedling, Red Costard, King of 
Pippins, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Cox’s Pomona, Wor¬ 
cester Pearmain, Round Winter Nonsuch, and Mere de Manage. Mr. G. 
Ford, gardener to L. A. Wallace, Esq., Leonardslee, Horsham, is a very 
close second, his fruit being large and finely coloured ; Emperor Alexander, 
Dr. Harvey, Peasgood’s Nonsuch, and New Hawthornden are particularly 
noteworthy. Mr. A. Waterman is placed third with very large and heavy 
fruits, Peasgood’s Nonsuch being very handsome. There are six competitors. 
For the best collection of Pears, Mr. James Butler, gardener to H. J. 
Thomas, Esq., Orchard Lane Gardens, Sittingbourne, was awarded the 
premier prize for ninety-six dishes of good fruits. Very large samples of 
Pitmaston Duchess, Beurre Clairgeau, Desire Cornelis, Beurrh d’Amanlis, 
Catillae, Souvenir de Congres, Beurre de l’Assomption, Duchesse d’An¬ 
gouleme, Doyenne Boussoch, and Conseiller du Cour. Louise Bonne of 
Jersey, Williams’Bon Chretien, Durondeau, General Todtleben, and Marie 
Benoist, were also good. Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgewortb, are 
second with a collection of choice varieties represented by fine fruits of 
Princess (Rivers), Catillae, Doyenne du Comice, Magnate (Rivers), Duchesse 
d’Angouleme, Durondeau, Marie Benoist, and Pitmaston Duchess. Mr. A. 
Waterman third, and Messrs. G. Bunyard i Co. fourth. Six collections shown. 
With twelve dishes of Pears, Mr. S. Ford wins the first prize for large 
fruits of General Todtleben, King Edward, Marie Louise d’TTccle, Uvedale’s 
St. Germain, Duchesse d’Angouleme, Durondeau, Vicar of Winkfield, Louise 
Bonne of Jersey, Beurre Bose, Marie Louise, Beurre Clairgeau, and Doyennb 
du Comice. Mr. A. Waterman is second with capital samples of Pitmaston 
Duchess, Doyenne Boussoch, and Beurri d’Amanlis. Mr. J. Neighbour is 
third with medium-size fruits of good varieties. Eleven collections were 
entered, and three were disqualified for containing duplicates. 
In the amateurs’ clas3 for a collection of twelve dishes of vegetables 
Mr. J. Waite, gardener to Colonel the Hon. W. P. Talbot, Glenhurst, Esher, 
is atvarded the first prize for excellent samples of Autumn Giant Cauli¬ 
flowers, Sutton’s Intermediate Carrots, Prizetak r Leeks, Major Clarke’s 
Red Celery, Carter's Champion Beans, Perfection Tomatoes, Snowdrop 
Potatoes, Anglo White Spanish Onions, Pragnell’s Exhibition Beet, Student 
Parsnip, and Wroxton Sprouts. Mr. J. Neighbour, Bickley Park Gardens, 
Chislehurst, is second, and Mr. A. Waterman, gardener to H. A. Brassey, 
Esq-, Preston Hall, Aylesford, Kent, is third. There are seven collections. 
Class C was for the best collection of vegetables arranged for effect, not 
more than four dishes of any sort. Mr. A. Waterman, gardener to H. A. 
Brassey, Esq., Preston Hall, Aylesford, won first honours with a most 
tastefully arranged and extensive collection, comprising over sixty varieties, 
fine clean samples placed on Parsley, with three stems of Brussels Sprouts 
in the centre, surrounded by Capsicums. Mr. J. Neighbour is second, also 
with a large and good assortment; Mr. W. Mist, George and Dragon Hotel, 
Ightham, Kent,Hieing a good third. The cottagers’ prizes for six dishes 
of vegetables were won by Mr. W. Thayre, New Town, Crawley, Mr. R. 
Hall, 71, Great Queen Street, Dartford, and Mr. C. Beckett, Tyler’s Green, 
Amersham. 
The Gourds occupy a large table at the end of the nave, some enormous 
and curious specimens being shown. The heaviest Gourd was exhibited by 
Mr. J. Rodbourn, gardener to Baroness Heaton, Coombe House, Croydon, 
and weighed 139 lba. Mr. G. Sheppard, Pulborough, was second with 
Daniel’s Yellow Mammoth weighing 119 lbs., and Mr. W. D. Cochrane, 
Fortune Green, Hampstead, was third with a fruit weighing 101 lbs. Nine 
specimens are shown of smaller weight. The best collection of Pumpkins 
and Gourds is contributed by Mr. W. Dance, gardener to Col. A. S. H. Lowe, 
Gosfield Hall, Halstead, a varied and peculiar assortment. _ Mr. C. Osman, 
Sutton, Surrey, is second with large specimens but fewer varieties. 
The miscellaneous exhibits comprised large collections of Apples from 
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea ; Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley ; and 
Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgewortb. Messrs. Cheal & Sons also had a 
fine group of Dahlias ; Messrs. J. Lairg & Co., Forest Hill, a group of 
Tuberous Begonias ; and Mr. C. Turner, Slough, a box of Cactus Dahlias. 
WO RKER™ WEEK, 
IS 
KITCHEN GARDEN. 
Storing Onions. —The whole of the summer-grown Onions should 
now be placed in their winter quarters. They will keep in any dry c o 
place where the temperature does not fall below 32° or rise above 45 . 
Tbick-necked Oaions should be placed by themselves for immediate use, 
and it should be seen that the late sorts, such as James’s Keeping and Bed¬ 
fordshire Champion, are not used before others not possessing their keeping 
qualities. We always store those named by themselves, and give an 
