?6 
F. Cavers. 
VIII. BRYALES. 
[Figs. 70—72.] 
MITTING for the present the vegetative characters, the three 
groups of higher Bryophytes or Mosses may be thus 
distinguished:— 
I. Sphagnales. Embryo sporophyte first divides into a row 
of several cells, by formation of repeated transverse walls in the 
epibasal cell; haustorium formed by growth and division of hypo- 
basal cell; further growth of epibasal half intercalary; archesporium 
produced chiefly from the innermost layer of the amphithecium; the 
endothecium forms only the columella, except at the apex, where it 
contributes to the production of the dome-like archesporium; 
mature sporogonium consists of a spherical capsule and a bulbous 
haustorium, the two being separated by a constriction: capsule 
carried upwards by elongation of female shoot axis to form a pseudo¬ 
podium, and opening by a lid. 
II. Andreaeales. Epibasal cell divides by inclined walls 
cutting out a two-sided apical cell, by which growth is effected for 
some time (until the differentiation of the archesporium); hypo- 
basal cell divides irregularly; haustorium formed by hypobasal half 
and lowest segments of epibasal half; archesporium produced chiefly 
by the outermost layer of the endothecium, the inner portion of which 
forms a columella; archesporium dome-shaped, being completed 
above by the inner tissue of the amphithecium, and therefore 
covering the apex of the rod-like columella ; mature sporogonium 
carried upwards by a pseudopodium ; capsule opens by four longi¬ 
tudinal slits, which typically reach neither apex nor base of capsule. 
III. Bryales. Epibasal and hypobasal halves of embryo 
usually both grow by a two-sided apical cell; the haustorium, 
separated from the capsule by a longer or shorter seta, is developed 
chiefly from epibasal cell; archesporium arises in the outermost 
