io Tansley and Fritsch. 
Another very common plant in the same situation is Remirea 
maritima (Cyperaceae). This has the same general habit as 
Zoysia, but the aerial shoots are more distant and bulkier, with 
numerous distichous linear leaves. 
Three other plants of the same habit, i.e. with long creeping 
stems, throwing down numerous roots and sending up short shoots 
bearing rosettes of leaves with flowers, are Hydropliylax maritima 
(Rubiaceae), Lippia nodiflora, Fig. 4 (Verbenaceae), and Launcea 
pinnatifida (Compositae), common well-distributed plants, though 
not so abundant as the first three. Sesuvinm portulacastrum 
(Ficoideae) is another procumbent form, also rooting at the nodes 
though rather more sparingly, and with ascending branches bearing 
cylindrical fleshy leaves. This plant is also common on tidal mud. 
Two zones of the Pes-caprae formation can generally be dis¬ 
tinguished ; an outer zone in which the sand is not covered by a 
carpet of vegetation, but the creeping plants described above,, 
particularly Ipomcea, Zoysia and Remirea, leave more or less wide 
spaces between. In the inner zone, the creeping plants almost 
cover the ground with a continuous carpet, and between them a 
number of other plants have settled down, plants that could not 
possibly colonise the bare sand, but which can live on the moister 
places protected by the creepers, and with a certain amount of 
humus, very likely often provided by the Nostoc mentioned below 
(cf. our northern “ grey ” or “ fixed ” dune flora.) Of these inner 
zone plants a few are confined to the seaside, while many others 
are inland weeds which find this a suitable habitat. Of the former, 
two remarkable bulbous plants, Crinum asiaticum and Pancratium 
zeylanicum must be mentioned first. They are closely allied members 
of the Amaryllidaceae, and are of strikingly different habit to any 
of the forms hitherto described. The bright green lanceolate leaves 
of Crinum are 2—5 feet long and stand obliquely erect. The 
inflorescence is a conspicuous umbel of very numerous white flowers. 
Pancratium is a much smaller plant of similar habit, bearing however 
only a single large terminal flower. The former is very common, 
especially in the damp region, scattered over the whole beach even 
in the outer zone close to high tide mark ; and often forming a kind of 
thicket at the back of the formation at the foot of the beach jungle. 
Crinum is characteristically maritime ; Pancratium also grows 
inland. Among the inner zone plants, certain habits are con¬ 
spicuous. Many are more or less procumbent and some root at 
the nodes, though this habit is not so universal as in the pioneer 
