7 o 
W. C. Worsdell. 
crispurn (Fig. 24). I have not observed such abnormal roots myself 
But I believe that in the aerial apogeotropic, dichotomising, 
respiratory roots of Cycads, with their curious coralloid appearance, 
we behold an exact instance of “ fasciation ” occurring as a normal 
feature of the plant; it is only necessary to compare such a root 
with that of the Orchid above-cited to see that this is true, the only 
difference between the two being that the Orchid-root grows 
downwards and the Cycad-root upwards ! 
One of the most remarkable examples of normal fasciation is 
to be seen in the development of the staminal “groups” in the 
flower of such orders as Hypericacese, Tiliaceae, and Malvaceae 
A single primordium or rudiment arises in the first place, 
representing as Celakovsky points out, the later tendency towards 
fusion and integrity ; but very soon this rudiment begins to branch, 
giving rise eventually to the group of stamens characteristic of the 
mature flower ; this latter process represents the older tendency 
towards separation and plurality of parts. 
As I have no desire to descend to the level of the encyclo¬ 
paedist, nor to unduly extend this article, I will now proceed to 
discuss the meaning of the phenomena which I have grouped 
under this third heading. For I hold that they are each and all 
due to one and the same cause and governed by one great under- 
lying principle. 
This latter may be expressed thus : that the structure before 
us represents the result, final product, or compromise of the 
strife waged between two opposing forces or tendencies, viz. ; 
that which on the one hand, makes for fusion or integrity, 
called “ negative d^doublement,” which is the younger, and 
that which, on the other hand, makes for separation or 
