3 
Plants suppressed by other plants. 
deeply cut leaves. But on the siliceous and granitic ground of 
Central Sweden it grows very tall and produces radical leaves up to 
20 cm. long and 8 cm. broad. On dry hill-sides and on the borders 
of pine woods, in close short pasture on sandy or loamy drifts 
(old ground moraines), this species is sometimes numerous, the 
large radical leaves all horizontally expanded, and the large flat 
rosette pressed to the ground. It is evident that all small and 
weak plants beneath such a rosette would be pressed down and 
kept in obscurity during 4—5 months. 
The herbaceous vegetation of these localities is poor, more 
rarely a fairly good pasture, consisting chiefly of Potentilla erecta, 
P. verna, Veronica officinalis, Campanula rotundifolia (a tiny form), 
Leontodon autumnalis, Luzula campeslris, L. multiflora, Agrostis 
vulgaris, Festuca ovina, &c. Although the rosette leaves of Hypo- 
chccris macidaia are not very firm, all the plants mentioned succumb 
to the pressure and the shade, and it is curious to see how below 
a Hypochceris-rosette there are only tiny, etiolated shoots or bare 
soil. Several plants, however, save themselves by a long creeping 
stem, which does not suffer at all when the base is covered, e.g., 
Potentilla erecta and Veronica officinalis, and others ( 'Campanula 
rotundifolia ) by short runners or stolons; but many herbs and all 
mosses and lichens are suppressed by the large-leaved Hypochceris. 
In somewhat shady places where Dactylis glomerata, Melampyrum 
iiemorosum, Ranunculus acer, R. polyanthemus, Silene nutans, 
Galium boreale, Festuca elatior, F. rubra, Trifolium medium, &c., 
are growing (the examples are chosen from the vicinity of Stock¬ 
holm), the basal leaves of Hypochceris are not able to do any 
harm, as they are forced into an upright position. 
III. 
One of the most striking examples of a herbaceous plant posses¬ 
sing an irresistible power to force away and displace the accom¬ 
panying plants in the same association by means of strong growth 
and firm stiff leaves, is Juncus squarrosus. This species was seen 
abundantly on high-lying dry plateaux and slopes in northern 
England and Scotland during the International Phytogeographical 
Excursion, 1911. 
Many of the members of the Excursion will remember it. On 
the grit grassland at the higher levels of Crossfell in Westmoreland 
(Text-Fig. 1), on the immense, slightly inclined slopes of Ben 
Lawers (Plate I, Fig. 2), and in several other places. 
The British form met with in the dry, hot summer of 1911 was 
