46 
H. Takeda. 
possesses warm temperate and sub-tropical plants in its northern 
part, and tropical plants in the southern. 
V. —Plant-Formations. 
In this chapter I intend to deal very briefly with various plant- 
formations. For the sake of convenience, the above-mentioned 
three regions are treated separately. 
1. Northern Region. The sea-coasts of this region are lined 
partly with sand-dunes and partly with cliffs. In Hokkaido, and 
especially in the Kuriles, sand-dunes are poorly developed. On the 
sand one generally finds Amodenia ( Arenaria ) peploides var. oblongi- 
folia, Arabis japonica, A. perfoliata, Matricaria ambigua, Atriplex 
patula, Carex macrocephala, C. pumila, Elymus mollis, Geranium 
yezoense, Inula Pseudo-Arnica, Lactuca repens, Linaria japonica, 
Lathyrus maritimus, Lilium dahuricum, Mertensia maritima subsp. 
asiatica, Phellopterus litoralis, Plantago camtschatica, Poa glumaris, 
Salsola soda, Thermopsis fabacea, etc. In the sea we often come 
across Phyllospadix Scouleri and Zostera pacijica. Just inside the 
sand-dunes Rosa rugosa, which is very often cultivated in English 
gardens, forms thickets. Exposed parts of the cliff are often 
strikingly adorned with quantities of interesting arctic flowers, and 
even a small patch of rocks may form a beautiful garden. Some 
of the plants which we see here are as follows :—Androsace Chamce- 
jastne, Artemisia sacrorum, A. Schmidtianum, Chrysanthemum 
arcticum, Cochlearia oblongifolia, Conioselinum camtschaticum, 
Draba borealis, Empetrum nigrum, Erigeron subsuginosus, Fritillaria 
camtschatcensis, Hedysarum obscurum var. neglectum, Leontopodium 
kurilense, Ligularia sibirica, Lloydia alpina, Mertensia rivularis 
var. japonica, Oxytropis retusa, Parnassia palustris, Pedicularis 
venusta var. Schmidtii, Potentilla megalantha, Primula modesta var. 
Fauricc, Rhododendron /camtschaticum, Salix arctica, Saxi/raga 
bronchialis, S. cortusifolia, S. rejlexa, Sedum camtschaticum, S. 
Rhodiola, Vaccinium Vitis-Idcea, and so forth. 
The salt-marsh, which is not a rare formation in N. Europe, 
is very feebly developed. There are only three or four localities 
known where Salicornia is found. But in rather muddy places 
near the sea, one often comes across the pretty Glaux maritima 
and Triglochin maritimum. 
The dry hillsides are usually covered with Miscanthus, with which 
various species of Artemisia, Aconitum, Convallaria majalis, Geranium, 
Hemerocallis Middendorfjii, Lespedeza, Platycodon, Ritmex, and 
