47 
The Vegetation of Japan. 
Umbelliferas. In humid places of the mountain valleys we often 
find Artemisia vulgaris, Cacalia hastata, Lilium cordifolium, L. Glehni, 
Petasites japonicus, Polygonum sachalinensc, Urtica platypliylla, and 
so on, most of which are very robust. 
The Sphagnum bog or “ Hochmoor,” which is not much in 
evidence in the other regions, is here fairly well developed. The 
following plants are frequently met with :— Caltha palustris , Carex 
spp., Clematis fusca, Cornus suecica, Drosera rotundifolia, Eleocharis 
spp., Eriophorum alpinum, E. vaginatum, Gentiana jesoana, Ledum 
palustre var. dilalatum, Lonicera ccerulea, Lycopodium clavatum, L. 
inundatum, Lysichiton canitschatcense, Molinia ccerulea, Myrica Gale 
var. tomentosa, Oxycoccus palustris, Phalaris arundinacea, Scheuch- 
zeria palustris, Scirpus spp., Trientalis europcea var. arctica, etc. 
In the early summer when the silky cotton-grass displays its 
beauty, blue Irises (/. Icevigata and I. setosa ) take their part in 
adorning the swamp. Pretty orchids such as Arethusa japonica 
and Pogonia japonica, the blue Gentiana Thunhergii, the tall Viola 
Langsdorfjfii, and the white Spircea betulifolia, present a delightful 
sight. Tall Umbelliferae such as Angelica and Heracleum, which 
remind us of the scenery of the arctic vegetation, line the margin 
of the swampy places in the summer, but in the autumn these 
are replaced by the huge Senecio palmatus with yellow flowers, and 
the deep blue Gentiana jesoana is fully open. 
In the ponds and lakes one often sees Hippuris vulgaris, 
Polygonuni ampliibium, Potamogeton natans, P. perfoliatus, with 
which Fontinalis, Lenina trisulca and Utriadaria minor are 
occasionally associated. 
In the deciduous woods, on hillsides, and even on the fairly 
high mountains, Sasa paniculata, S. kurilensis and S. nipponica are 
very abundant. These bamboos have comparatively thin culms 
and broad leaves, and form very dense thickets, under which various 
shade-loving plants find protection. 
The characteristic forest trees are the deciduous oaks (Q. 
dentata, Q. glandulifera, and Q. grosseserrata), birches ( B . alba, B. 
Ermani, B. Maximowieziana), cherries (P. Maximowiezii, and P. 
serrulata), elm ( U. japonicus), hornbeam (C. cordata), maples (A. 
japonicum, A. Mayri, and A. pictum), poplars (P. suaveoleus and P. 
tremula), and Cercidiphyllum japonicum. The last-named is a very 
peculiar tree, the sole representative of the family Cercidiphyllaceee. 
Its general appearance closely resembles that of Ginkgo, so that it 
has often been mistaken for the latter by casual travellers. 1 Various 
1 cf. Hemsley, Ind. FI. Sin. ii, p. 547 ; also Ann. Bot., xiv, p. 119. 
