93 
The Evolution of the Higher Uredinece. 
It is true that there are several apparent exceptions to the “ Law,” 
as in Gymnosporangium, which has its aecidial stage on Rosacea 
and its teleuto-stage on the Junipers. The “ Law ” is, in fact, only 
an empirical, but widely applicable “ Rule.” 
Again; there are other Micropucciniae which have teleutospores 
of exactly the same type as P.fusca, viz., P. sujfusca Holw., on 
other species of Anemone, and P. Thalictri Chev. (Fig. 1, E) on 
species of Thalictrum, in Europe and North America—and on the 
other hand aecidia of the same type as AB. punctatum and considered 
as equally belonging to P. Pruni-spinosce have been found in North. 
America on Thalictrum and Hepatica (1). All these are survivals 
from one ancestral species which at one time ranged widely over 
Ranunculaceae of the tribe Anemonese, and of which we can 
predicate that it was autoecious, had all four spore-forms, the 
aecidia with a broad usually four-cleft margin, the uredospores 
thickened at the summit and more echinulate below than above, 
the teleutospores of two globose cells which separated easily and 
were adorned with numerous prominent and coarse warts, and 
possibly had its teleutospore-mother-cells produced in large clusters 
by budding from a common base. The remarkable fact is that, 
apart from the species here mentioned, these spore-characters are 
met with in the genus Puccinia only very rarely, and never all 
associated in this same way. 
P. coronata and its close ally P. Lolii (P. coronijera), which are 
known from all parts of the world except Africa, afford another 
instructive, though not equally convincing, example. Here we 
have a species 1 having its aecidia (spermogones appear to be 
wanting) on Rhatnnus, and its uredo- and teleutospores on Holcus 
and other grasses. The teleutospores (Fig. 1, F) have at their apex 
a number of finger-like processes which impart to them an unusual 
appearance; P. coronata var. himalensis Barcl. (from Simla) has its 
aecidia on another species of Rhatnnus and its fingered teleutospores 
on another grass (Brachypodium). On Rhatnnus there are two 
species of Puccinia which have teleutospores only, P. Mtsnieriana 
Thiim. (Fig. 1, G) from Portugal, Teneriffe, Syria and California, 
and P. Schweinfurthii Magn. (from Abyssinia and tropical East 
Africa). These are the only two known on Rhatnnus, and both of 
them have teleutospores exactly like those ofP. coronata. An autoecious 
species on Rhatnnus, having both aecidiospores and teleutospores, 
has not yet been met with; and the curious shape of the teleuto¬ 
spores, though very striking, is not without parallels in other not 
1 P. coronata and P. Lolii are merely “ biologic ” races of one species. 
