[ 24 ] 
to the other end of the stick. The cover, which is- 
divided into two parts through its centre, with a 
sufiicient opening for the churn-stick to move in, 
is next put on. The churning is then performed 
by working the bow stick backwards and forwards, 
as is done in drilling ; and from the similarity of the 
two operations, it will not be an improper appella¬ 
tion to call this by the name of the Drill Churn. 
Note—It is to be observed that although for dis¬ 
tinction sake, the stick by w^hich the churn is work¬ 
ed is called the bow stick, it does not resemble in 
shape the instrument of that name used in drilling, 
for it is to be perfectly straight. Its thickness 
may be about an inch and a half, and its length a- 
bout five feet. 
In contriving machines for facilitating manual 
labor, a principal thing to be considered is the 
direction in which the human strength can be ap¬ 
plied to the greatest advantage. In this churn the 
operation is performed by drawing and pushing in 
a horizontal direction at the most convenient ele¬ 
vation ; the legs and thighs bracing the body 
backwards and forwards and yielding to its motions, 
assist the tvork, and very much lessen the labor of 
the arms. In this attitude the muscles all act to 
the greatest advantage ; whereas in the common 
mode of churning, the human strength is applied 
in the most unfavorable manner, for it is most ob¬ 
vious, that to raise or depress any thing at arms 
length requires much more force than most other 
