NOMAD FUNGI. 
29 
in regard to the classification of the Entozoa. In the table given 
above the names placed underneath the genera, with I., II., or III. 
prefixed, are the names of those pseiido-genera of the Handbook 
which now represent mere stages of growth. 
Desckiption of a Uredinous Fungus, 
To show the position in which the problem stands, let ns suppose 
that we are a band of students just setting out on the study of the 
leaf-fungi. Let us go into the country on some day in early spring, 
and gather a few leaves of the common violet. We shall find some of 
them marked with pale yellowish spots, and looking underneath the 
affected leaves we shall see a slightly swollen roundish patch, on and 
in which is seated a cluster of cup-like bodies, filled with orange 
spores. The fringe or brim of the cup consists of the ragged edges of 
the covering (called a pseudo-peridiinn) by which the spores were 
enclosed, when the fungus was in a less advanced state. Similar 
clusters of cups, only elongated in form, are found on the petioles and 
stems, in fact on all the green parts of the plant. The spores are 
roughly spherical or polygonal, orange-yellow, covered with fine warts, 
and bounded by a very thin cellulose membrane. These spores are 
given off in chains by a process of budding from the ends of delicate 
threads, called hyplm, with which the bottom of the cup is clothed, in 
such a manner that the spore which is at the free end of the chain is 
the oldest, while that which is at the end of the hypha is the youngest, 
and has in the process of its growth pushed the whole chain of those 
previously formed up towards the mouth of the cup. A fungus, which 
possessed characters similar to these used to be called an Hlcidium, 
and the particular one of which we are speaking was called (Kcidium 
riohp. This Hlcidium is found on the violet in May and June. 
But, later on m the year, we find on the leaves of the same plant 
a fungus of a very different character. There is no cup, no chains of 
spores ; the spores are collected in loose rounded heaps, resembling 
the sori of ferns, apparently resting lightly on the epidermis of the 
leaf, not usually combined in clusters, but scattered over the surface. 
Instead of the beautiful white fringe which surrounds the CEcidium, 
we have here merely the ragged edge of the ruptured epidermis, 
showing that the fungus originated just beneath the epidermis, and in 
its growth burst it open. The oval spores are brownish, and each is 
formed singly by a constriction of the end of a hypha, but otherwise 
they are very similar to those of the CEcidium. This fungus used to 
be known as Trichobasis or Uredo riolannit. 
At the same time, or later, we can find on the same leaves still 
another fungus of a different kind. In this case the spores grow, as 
in the Uredo, from the ends of the branches of the hyphae, and 
fi’equently, if not always, from the same mycelium which has hitherto 
produced the Uredo-spores, The sori are surrounded, in the same 
way, only by the ruptured epidermis. But the spores are very 
different in character. While the Uredo-spores are easily detached 
from their support, these often remain firmly fixed to the 
