DEPOSITS OF THE LEEN VALLEY. 
79 
Derbyshire. Above this coarse brown gravel came a loose, sharp, coarse 
gray or white sand, in some parts clayey and pebbly, but mostly free 
from pebbles. The traces of oblique bedding in it indicated that this 
sand was deposited by water flowing somewhat rapidly down the 
valley, though not x>erhaps more rapidly than the Leen would flow 
now were the artificial dams and water-mills removed. Judging from 
the horizontal extent and uniform thickness of this sand, too, the 
stream, must have been considerably wider than it is now. Several 
stools of trees were found in this deposit in the position in which they 
grew. Some of the fragments of these trees which I collected were 
too much decomposed to make out what they were, but one fragment 
of a stool about ten inches in diameter was found by Dr. W. 
Carruthers, F.R.S., of the British Natural History Museum, South 
Kensington (who kindly examined the specimens for me) to be 
Quercus robur (Lin.) “ This fragment,” says Dr. Carruthers, “ belonged 
to a slow-growing tree, as the annual rings are very small, and conse¬ 
quently the vessels very numerous and close together.” Resting 
on this gray sand was a band of peat, from six to ten inches thick, full 
of upright stems of young trees, along with leaves and twigs, all 
jumbled together and in a more or less decomposed or carbonised state. 
Another fragment of wood met with here is believed by Dr. Carruthers 
to belong to Pinm sylvestris, and in all likelihood came out of the peat 
bed. The peat was covered by about three feet of stiff clay or silt, 
which contained no pebbles. This clay swelled out on the south side 
of the excavation to about five feet in thickness, as if it occupied an 
old saucer-shaped hollow in that direction. Laterally, these alluvial 
deposits rested against a mass of red sand and clay and pebbles, 
which appeared to partly line that side of the old river hollow, though 
it was not now easy to draw the line between the two. The red sand 
with pebbles was evidently all that remained of a mass of Glacial 
Drift that may once have entirely filled the ravine, and in which 
the Leen had since eaten out a channel for itself. 
(To he continued.} 
NOMAD FUNGI: THE EECLASSIFICATION OF THE 
UKEDINE^. 
BY W. B. GROVE, B.A., HON. SEC. OF THE BIRMINGHAM NATURAL 
HISTORY AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. 
{Continued from page 53.) 
Meaning of the CEcihium Stage. 
There is one point which strikes an attentive observer of the fore¬ 
going phenomena very forcibly; I mean, the apparent uselessness of 
the oecidium-stage in the life-history of a Urediuous fungus. Why 
should a puccinia-spore generate an (Ecidium ? Why not produce the 
Uredo at once ? Some Pucciuias indeed have no CEcidium, as F. malva- 
