January 2?, 1832 ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
75 
Manure — Sources of Plant Poods — Carbonic Dioxide 
(^Reader'). —1, IVe understand by the word ruanure the introduction of 
vegetable, animal, and mineral matters into the soil to accelerate vegeta¬ 
tion and increase the production of crops. 2, We know by modern 
researches upon plant nutrition, and the chemistry of agri-horticulture 
have shown us that the sources of plant foods are the air and soil. Air 
food consists of ammonia, water, and carbonic dioxide ; soil food of those 
substances that remain as ash when the plant is burned. The former 
class of food is supplied to the plant partly from the atmosphere and 
partly from the soil, the latter from the soil entirely. Water, carbonic 
acid, nitrogen, and hydrogen chiefly supplied by ammonia, and a propor¬ 
tion of earthy salts, form the chief food of plants. These substances 
are absorbed o: taken in by the plant from the atmosphere and from 
water, either in a state of vapour or from moist soil. 3, Carbonic acid 
(dioxide) passes into the plant from the outside through its stomata 
with the air, and under the influence of light is broken up in the cells 
containing chlorophyll. All the carbon and part of the oxygen of the 
carbonic acid are retained by the plant, and part of the oxygen escapes 
into the outer air. 
The Constantinople Wut (W. B., Essrx ').—The species of 
Corylus known in gardens are comparatively few. In the west of 
FIG. II.—THE CONSTANTINOPLE NUT. 
Europe we have C. Avellana, the common Hazel, which in its numerous 
varieties affords us both useful and ornamental trees ; then in the east, 
Turkey and Asia Minor, is found C. Colurna, the Constantinople Nut. 
Nepaul gives us C. ferox, while North America yields C. americana and 
C. rostrata. These may be taken as types of the Hazels, but except the 
first-named they are seldom seen in collections of trees, either as curiosi¬ 
ties or ornaments. C. Colurna especially might well receive more 
attention, for when planted in a situation adapted to its requirements it 
becomes a distinct and handsome tree, which is rendered still more 
remarkable when fruiting freely. The nuts are enveloped in and almost 
concealed by a large and deeply cut involucre, the segments of which 
are curiously twisted and curled, as shown in the illustration (fig. 11). 
This character is strongly developed ; but it is not peculiar to C. Comma, 
for in the Frizzled Filbert, C. Avellana crispa, and the Indian Hazel, 
C. ferox, a similarly cut involucre is produced. A variety or hybrid 
named intermedia is thought to have resulted from a cross between 
C. Avellana and C. Colurna, and another form termed arborescens is 
distinguished by its involucre being very finely cut, by the spreading 
habit of the tree, and oy its rapid growth. 
Tuberoses (.7. 31. T .').—You have either kept the plants too dry or 
checked them in the later stages of their growth. They need liberal 
supp ies of water after they are once startei and are rooting abundantly 
in the pots in which they are to flower. Keeping them dry after the 
flower spikes were advancing a stage, when they needed most nourish¬ 
ment, is alone sufficient to account for the flowers failing. You do not 
give ihe temperature of the vinery in which they had been grown 
previous to taking them to the stove. If cool, the sudden change would 
prove detrimental and too forcing ; this combined with too little water 
would bring about the condition you have described. You cannot do 
better than keep the bulbs in any cool place where they are safe from 
frost and dry, but not dry enough to shrivel. They should be potted 
from the middle to the end of May, but before potting disbud them— 
that is, remove all side eyes that only spring up after, and rob the 
spike. Pot them in a mixture of good loam three parts, the remaining 
part leaf mould, sand, and one-seventh of decayed manure. Start them 
in a vinery or any house kept moderately close until they commence 
growing and rooting. In this stage they need very careful watering. 
It is a good plan to place the pots together and cover the surface with 
cocoa-nut fibre refuse, just leaving out the crown. If the syringe is 
used occasionally to keep the surface damp they will need no water 
until they begin growing, provided the soil was in an intermediate state 
for moisture when potted. When the plants are growing and rooting 
freely they should be removed from the vinery, if started in that struc¬ 
ture. If gradually hardened the best place for them is a cold frame or 
greenhouse. If the lights can be thrown off during hot bright days all 
the better. Some care is needed at first not to check the plants until 
they will bear cool airy treatment. We have grown them well by 
plunging the pots in ashes outside from the beginning of July to the 
end of August, when they were throwing up their flower spikes. They 
should then be removed to a cool airy house. The temperature can be 
gradually increased to bring them into flower whenever required. 
I^ames of Plants. — (./. T. C.'). —1, Cypripedium Harrisianum ; 
2, Cypripedium villosum ; 3, Begonia ferrea ; 4, Todea hymenophyl- 
loides ; 5, Begonia lucida ; G, Polypodium pectinatum. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.— January 27th. 
Trade still quiet. Grapes in good demand. 
FRUIT. 
Apples, ^-sieve 
Scotia, per barrel .. 
Cobs, Kent, per ICIO lbs. 
Beans, Kiilney, per lb. 
Beet, Red, dozen .. 
Carrots, bunch.0 
Cauliflowers, dozen , 
Celery, bundle 
Coleworts, dozen bunches 
Cucumbers, dozen 
Endive, dozen 
Herbs, bunch 
Mushrooms, punnet 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
0 to 4 
0 
Grapes, per lb. 
6 
to 3 
6 
Lemons, case . 
. 15 
0 
2) 
0 
. 12 
0 
18 
0 
Oranges, per 103 .. . 
. 4 
0 
9 
0 
. 35 
u 
40 
0 
St. Michael Pines, each 
. 3 
0 
6 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
. 0 
4 
to 0 
6 
Mustard and Cress, punnet 0 
2 to 0 
0 
. 1 
0 
0 
0 
Onions, bunch .. 
. 0 
3 
0 
5 
. 0 
4 
0 
0 
Parsley, dozen bunches 
. 2 
0 
3 
0 
. 2 
0 
3 
0 
Parsnips, dozen .. 
. 1 
0 
0 
0 
. 1 
0 
1 
3 
Potatoes, per cwt. 
. 2 
0 
3 
0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy, bundle .. .. 
. 1 
0 
1 
6 
. 2 
0 
3 
6 
Scorzonera, bundle .. 
. i 
6 
0 
0 
. 1 
3 
1 
6 
Seakale, per basket .. 
. 1 
6 
1 
9 
. 0 
3 
0 
0 
Shallots, per lb. 
. 0 
3 
0 
0 
. 0 
2 
0 
0 
Spinach, bushel .. .. 
. 2 
0 
0 
0 
. 0 
9 
1 
0 
Tomatoes, per lb. 
, 0 
4 
0 
6 
. 1 
6 
2 
0 
Turnips, bunch .. 
. 0 
0 
0 
4 
AVERAGE WHOLESALE PRICES.—CUT FLOWERS. 
Orchid Blooms rather scarce in variety. 
Arum Lilies, 12 blooms .. 
Azalea, dozen sprays .. .. 
Bouvardias, bunch .. 
Carnations, 12 blooms 
Christmas Roses, dozen 
blooms . 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
blooms . 
Chrysanthemums, dozen 
bunches. 
Cyclamen, dozen blooms 
Buoharis, dozen .. 
Euphorbia jacquinieeflora 
dozen sprays .. 
EpiphyUum, dozen blooms 
Freesia, dozen sprays 
Gardenias, per dozen 
Hyacinths, dozen spikes 
Hyacinths (Roman) dozen 
sprays. 
Lilium longiflorum 12 
blooms . 
Lilium (var.) dozen blooms 
Lily of the Valley 12 sprays 
Marguerites, 12 bunches .. 
Azalea, per plant .. .. 
Chrysanthemums, per doz. 
„ large, doz. 
Cyclamen, per dozen .. .. 
Draofena terminalis, dozen 
„ viridis, dozen .. 
EpiphyUum, per pot .. .. 
Erica gracilis, per dozen .. 
„ hyemalis, dozen 
Euonymus, var., dozen .. 
Evergreens, in var., dozen 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d 
6 
0 to 9 
0 
Maidenhair Fern, dozen 
1 
0 
1 
6 
bunches . 
4 
0 
to 9 
0 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Mignonette, 12 bunches .. 
1 
6 
3 
0 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Mimosa or Acacia (French) 
per bunch. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Narciss (French) dozen 
0 
bunches . 
3 
0 
6 
0 
9 
3 
0 
Pelargoniums, 12 bimohes 
9 
0 
15 
0 
„ scarlet, 12 bunches 
6 
0 
9 
0 
4 
0 
12 
0 
Poinsettia, dozen blooms.. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Primula (double) 12 sprays 
0 
G 
1 
0 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Roses (indoor), dozen 
1 
6 
3 
0 
„ Red, per doz. blooms.. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
3 
0 
0 
0 
„ Tea, white, dozen .. 
1 
0 
3 
0 
0 
6 
0 
9 
„ Yellow, dozen .. ., 
3 
0 
6 
0 
4 
0 
6 
I) 
Tuberoses, 12 blooms.. 
1 
0 
1 
6 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Tulips, dozen blooms.. .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
6 
0 
9 
0 
White Lilac (French) per 
bunch. 
6 
0 
7 
6 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Violet Parme, French bchs. 
4 
G 
5 
6 
„ Czar „ „ 
2 
G 
8 
0 
6 
0 
9 
0 
„ „ small bunches 
„ English, dozen 
2 
6 
3 
6 
2 
0 
4 
0 
0 
1 
0 
2 
6 
bunches . 
1 
G 
2 
3 
0 
4 
0 
PLANTS 
IN POTS. 
S. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
il. 
s. 
d. 
6 
0 to 12 
0 
Perns, in variety, dozen .. 
4 
0 to 18 
0 
2 
6 
3 
6 
Ficus elastica, each .. 
1 
G 
7 
0 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Foliage plants, var., each.. 
2 
0 
10 
0 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Hyacinths, per dozen.. .. 
6 
0 
0 
0 
12 
0 
18 
0 
Lily of the Valley, per pot 
2 
0 
2 
6 
14 
0 
42 
0 
Marguerite Daisy, dozen .. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
12 
0 
24 
0 
Myrtles, dozen. 
G 
0 
12 
0 
1 
G 
2 
6 
Palms, in van, each .. 
2 
6 
21 
0 
9 
0 
12 
0 
Pelargoniums, scarlet, doz. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
12 
0 
18 
0 
Poinsettias, per dozen 
9 
0 
15 
0 
6 
0 
18 
0 
Solauum, per dozen .. .. 
9 
0 
12 
0 
6 
0 
21 
0 
Tulips, dozen pots .. .. 
0 
9 
0 
