166 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ February 25, 1892. 
ance of the disease, varies from two to five days. The first 
decided indication of ill-health is afforded by the thermometer, 
which shows the body temperature to have risen 2° or 3°. At the 
same time the coat stares, the animal appears dull, and trembles 
as if suffering from cold. Presently marked restlessness is 
observed, the feet being frequently moved from the ground, and 
shaken as if to dislodge some offending matter. There is some 
lameness, with small blisters in the heels at the point where the 
hair and hoof unite, or in the front at the top of the cleft. Later 
on separation of the upper margin of the hoofs takes place, and 
the sensitive structures of the feet are exposed. At the same 
time a discharge of saliva is seen ta issue from the mouth, and a 
smacking noise is heard from the lips. 
Blisters now appear on the inner side of the lips, on the tongue, 
and on the dental pad. These ultimately break, leaving behind 
angry-looking sores. 
Sometimes there is an eruption on the teats. The bowels are 
usually constipated, and food is either altogether refused or taken 
sparingly. The disease has also attacked sheep in the feet, pigs, 
fowls, and even human beings. In sheep it causes eruption in the 
feet, in pigs eruption on the feet, snout, and skin. 
The affected animals should at once be separated from the 
healthy, and placed under the care of a special attendant, who 
should be forbidden to go near healthy stock. His boots should 
be washed and disinfected regularly on leaving the yard or shed. 
All contaminated manure should be burned or placed in heaps 
away from the reach of farm stock. Disinfectants should be freely 
used in the sheds where the sick are housed, and dogs and cats 
should be strictly excluded from them. 
In the great majority of cases a simple course of medical treat¬ 
ment will suffice, and the patients should be placed on clean, dry 
litter, so that dirt be as far as possible excluded from the ulcerated 
feet. The sores here and also in the mouth may be dressed with a 
solution of carbolic acid or alum twice a day, or a solution of car¬ 
bolic acid may be used for the feet, the alum solution for the 
mouth. Where the bowels are much confined, a slight aperient, 
composed of Epsom salts with some carminative, may be given ; 
but purgatives are, as a rule, to be guarded against. In severe 
cases, where the fever runs high and there is great prostration, 
stimulants, such as whisky or old ale, must be used. 
The strength should be supported by a plentiful supply of 
prepared food, such as scalded chaff, boiled linseed, crushed oats, 
and pulped roots. Affected cows having calves should not be 
allowed to suckle them, and milk from the sick animals should not 
be used. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Lambing is now becoming general, in some localities it extends 
through March, the lambing being timed according to the various local 
prospective supplies of food. Again do we repeat the warning against 
the use of Turnips for pregnant ewes. Strange, indeed, is how even our 
most intelligent farmers cling to custom and persist in using food which 
has so repeatedly proved hurtful to the ewes. A case has occurred this 
season where Turnips and Barley chaff caused abortion; the Turnips 
were then withheld, some hay and a little cake being used instead with 
the chaff, and there was an end of abortion. Our plan with the ewes is 
a run on grass held in reserve for them, a pint of crushed Oats per head 
daily, with as much Barley or Oat chaff as they can clear up, and an 
unlimited supply of Pea straw in the racks. Delicate ewes also have 
some of Mackinder’s lamb food, consisting of a wholesome mixture 
of crushed corn, pulse and cake, of which they are very fond. A sound, 
wholesome, mixed dietary they must have if we would have sturdy lambs 
and healthy ewes. Where grass is scarce Cattle Cabbage may be used 
before the lambing, afterwards give a moderate quantity of Swedes or 
Mangolds. In no case suffer pregnant ewes to be folded on Turnips, or 
there will be serious losses both of ewes and lambs, as we have so often 
explained. 
Upon the sound principle that a farm should mainly be self-support¬ 
ing corn threshing should proceed gradually during autumn, winter 
and spring, in order that there may always be ample supplies of corn 
and forage for home requirements. Very much of the Wheat must be 
left late in the ricks for the corn to harden after such a wet harvest. 
Wheat threshed during the late frosty weather handled fairly dry and 
hard, but it lost condition when the thaw set in, and there was a pro¬ 
portionate fall in price. Ic is upon Oats, Barley, Peas and Beans that 
we depend foi our cattle food; the gradual threshing prevents waste, 
keeping the chaff fresh and sweet. Discretion in this matter is equally 
important with the careful selection, breeding, and feeding of live stock. 
The only way to meet foreign competition is to breed only the best— 
prime quality, early maturity, marketable size being always kept well 
in view. A large framed coarse beast, however fat, never commands 
the competition which a plump medium-sized beast does, and the same 
rule holds good among sheep. Mark all faulty ewes as lambing goes on; 
never retain a doubtful animal in the flock but draft them out with 
over-age sheep after the lambs are weaned, keeping up numbers by a 
selection of the best ewe lambs every year. 
HOGG & WOOD’S FARM SEED REPORT, 1892. 
Following up our usual custom, we beg to submit our annual 
spring report on the probable supplies of farm seeds for the coming 
season, and in doing so it is pleasing to be able to state that notwith¬ 
standing the wet and sunless summer, and the gloomy forecasts as to a 
dearth of seed made during the winter months of the bygone year, there 
are likely to be sufficient supplies of good quality for all requirements, 
and taken all round at prices not greatly in excess of those current in 
1891. By constant watchfulness and care we have been fortunate in 
securing supplies of Rye Grass, Clovers, and Natural Grasses of excellent 
qualities, clean, well-matured, and of strong giowth. 
English and Welsh Red Clover, and Cow Grass or Perennial Red 
Clover, —The crop of these, owing to the want of sunshine during 
harvest, has been disappointing, but there are some good-growing seeds, 
although not so fine and bright as usual. 
Foreign Red Clover. —The yield on the Continent of Europe, in 
Canada and the United States of America, is reported as fair, and some 
fine qualities are to hand at rates somewhat in advance of those of the 
past year. 
White Clover. —This both in England and abroad has proved a poor 
crop, and prices are ruling high. 
Alsthe Clover. —The reports from England are that the crops are 
almost a failure, but as America and Canada are reported as having 
fully an average yield there will be a plentiful supply, it is anticipated, 
at rates rather under those of 1891. 
Trefoil or Yellow Clover. —Although an under-average supply of 
both English and foreign seed is reported, prices are under those of last 
year. 
Perennial and Italian Rye Grass. —Of Perennial the yield is very 
short in all the producing districts, and rates are considerably higher 
than for some years past. Italian of home growth is more plentiful, but 
foreign seed is scarce and dear. 
Tiinothy, Cocksfoot, and other Natural Grasses are generally in good 
supply, and at moderate rates. Cocksfoot, Timothy, and Meadow Fescue 
are sown liberally by our foremost agriculturists for two and more years' 
pasture along with the usual mixture of Rye Grass and Clovers. 
Tares, Large Scotch and Foreign. —Both plentiful and prices low. 
Turnips and Mangolds .— These were a very poor yield, and some 
sorts, notably the yellow-fleshed varieties, are scarce, and prices have 
advanced.—HoGG & Wood, Northuniberland Agricultural Society's 
Seedsmen, Coldstream, N.B. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
Camden Square, London. 
Lat. 51° 32' 40" N.; Long. 0° 8' 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
Date. 
9 A.M. 
In the day. 
1892. 
February. 
Barometer 
at 32°, and 
Sea Level. 
Hygrometer. 
Direc¬ 
tion of 
Temp, 
of soil 
at 
1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature 
Rain. 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Wind. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
Sun 
*On 
Grass. 
Sunday .. 14 
Inchs. 
30.226 
deg. 
34.8 
deg. 
32.4 
N.W. 
deg. 
39.6 
deg. 
41.4 
deg. 
30.2 
deg. 
43.2 
deg. 
25.8 
Inchs. 
0.135 
Monday .. 15 
29.455 
39.3 
38.6 
N.W. 
39.2 
41.9 
34.4 
51.9 
35 2 
0.425 
Tuesday .. 16 
29.669 
27.2 
26.1 
N.E. 
38.6 
35.2 
23.9 
83.0 
31.8 
— 
Wednesday 17 
29.519 
22.9 
21.9 
N.W. 
87.3 
33.8 
17.5 
68.4 
12.2 
0.092 
Thursday.. 18 
29.170 
28.2 
27.0 
N.W. 
36.8 
36.9 
22.2 
81.2 
19.9 
— 
Friday .. 19 
29.366 
28.9 
26.6 
N.E. 
36.2 
34.2 
19.8 
42.0 
14.1 
0.069 
Saturday .. 20 
29.349 
31.2 
30.8 
N.B. 
36.0 
42.4 
27.8 
49.2 
25.5 
0.196 
30.542 
30.4 
29.1 
37.7 
38.0 
25.1 
58.8 
23.5 
0.917 
* On IGth, 18th, and 20th the radiation thermometer on grass was covered by the snow. 
REMARKS. 
14th.—Cloudy early; ice needles and fine snow from 9.30 A.M. to about 1 P.M., and 
occasional drizzle after. 
15th.—Wet or drizzle from 2 A.M. to 9 A.M. ; dull dark morning; frequent sleety rala 
from noon to 1 P.M., and then continuous snow and ice needles till 1 A.M. on 16tb. 
16th.—Brilliant throughout, except from noon to 1 P.M., when a few flakes of snow fell. 
Average depth of snow at 9 A.M., 4j inches. 
17th.—Brilliant morning; a little cloud in afternoon ; nearly 3 inches of snow in 
evening. 
18th.—Almost unbroken sunshine throughout. 
19th.—Overcast morning; fair afternoon, with sunshine just before sunset ; a little 
sleet in the evening, and about half an inch of snow at night. 
20th.—Overcast throughout; slight sleet early, and smoke fog from 10 A.M. to 11 A.M. ; 
rain at night. 
An extremely wintry week, but with brilliant sunshine on the 16th and 18th. 
Temperature 12° below that of the preceding week, and about 7° below the average. 
—G. J. Symons. 
