February 26, 1891. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
173 
although for a short time retaining its healthy appearance, shortly dies 
of starvation. Similar illustrations have been before the Committee on 
other occasions. 
Effect of Fog on Plantx. —Professor F. Oliver showed a number of 
water-colour drawings showing the effect of fog on the leaves and 
flowers of various plants, but reserved a full statement of his observa¬ 
tions till a future time. 
The Aboriginal Chinese Primroxc. —From Mr. Myles, Appley Towers 
Gardens, Hyde, came plants of Primula sinensis, raised from seed 
collected at Y-Chang by Mr. Pratt, under conditions very unlike those 
under which the plant is cultivated in this country. The history of the 
plant was alluded to at the Primula Conference in 1886, and was also 
adverted to in Mr. Sutton’s paper on the Chinese Primrose, which will 
shortly be published in the Journal of the Society. 
Self-sown Seedlings of Chaniwrops Fortunei. —From the same garden 
came seedling plants of this Palm, which is growing in the shrubberies 
at Appley Towers, and beneath whose shade a large number of seedlings 
spring UD. 
F])ecies of Pimts. —From Mr. Rashleigh came cones of Pinus “ El 
Doctor,’’ which appeared to be very closely allied, if not identical, with 
Pinus Montezumre. A cone of an undescribed species collected by 
Captain J. Donnell-Smith at a height of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet on 
the Vulcan de Agua in Guatemala, was also exhibited. Mr. Godman 
arid other travellers make mention of the forest composed of this tree, 
which forms a belt round the mountain at the above elevation, but 
which does not appear to have been described ; indeed, in the Loudon 
Herbaria there are no specimens that correspond with it. It will be 
described as Pinus aguensis. 
Timber and Cones of" Wellingtonia.” —From Mr. Leach, gardener to 
the Duke of Northumberland, Albury Park, Guildford, came a fine 
cluster of cones of Sequoia gigantea, and also a transverse section of the 
trunk of a tree that had been planted twenty years, and had grown 
with great regularity and rapidity, as evidenced by the rings. 
Ivies and the Frost. —Various leaves of Ivies from plants growing 
on the same wall were exhibited, showing the varying effects of frost 
on the different varieties—some being completely killed, whilst others 
were scarcely if at all injured. The Himalayan form, as pointed out 
by Mr. Dyer, was the most severely injured of all. 
The Rind of the Orange. —With reference to this subject Dr. 
Bonavia read a communication referring to the two specimens shown at 
the last meeting. One had of course an enveloping peel. Within this 
was a whorl of pulp carpels. Within this again was a second whorl 
without peel on its outside. So that we can hardly consider the peel as 
the outer side of the pulp carpels. The peel is evidently not an essential 
part of the pulp carpels. It can be suppressed, while the pulp carpels 
remain as in this case of the inner Orange. 
But what is most interesting in this specimen is that in the centre 
of the inner Orange there were two strips of peel adherent to the 
placental margins of the inner carpels, each strip having its oil-cell- 
coloured surface directed towards the centre, and not, as is usual, 
towards the outside of the Orange. 
To my mind this would indicate that the peel is a distinct whorl 
independent of the pulp carpels. In the doubling of this Orange we 
have {a) a peel whorl, fb') a pulp whorl, (c) another pulp whoil, (rZ) a 
peel whorl represented by two strips only, and with the coloured 
glandular surface twisted towards the central axis of the Orange, 
showing that these peel strips are no other than transformed stamens, 
or carpels, or leaves. 
In my opinion the relation of the coloured peel to the pulp carpels 
is exactly that of the purple sheath of the Moutan Pmony to the green 
carpels it encloses. The peel is no more the outer surface of the carpels 
than the calyx of Physalis Alkekengi is the outer surface of its pulp 
carpels. 
In the Tangerine Orange there is only slight adhesion between the 
peel and the pulp-cells, and you will find one-third of an inch of space 
between the peel whorl and the pulp whorl; all degrees of adhesion 
and non-adhesion are to be found. Some varieties of Citrus have the 
peel so closely adhering to the pulp that it can only be detached with 
a knife, while in others the pulp ball actually rattles within the peel 
envelope. 
What is most convincing of all, however, is that in those species of 
Citrus, in which the peel is divided into segments, with their edges 
covering, and thus forming a continuous envelope, the segments of the 
peel do not tally with the segments of the carpel ball. How can I, 
therefore, believe that each peel segment is the outer surface of a 
carpel? 
The second specimen you gave me was of common occurrence. The 
small inner Orange was enveloped in its own peel. That is the doubling 
occurred—peel pulp, peel pulp. This is exactly what occurs in the 
doubling of some kinds of Narcissus. In these we have the doubling 
occurring in this fashion—calyx corolla, calyx corolla, calyx corolla, 
and so on up to the centre of the flower. In some cases the caly.x 
retains its greenish colour throughout the series. 
The interest of the second specimen w’as in the smallness of the 
inner Orange. Its juice vesicles were eo small and sessile, that they 
were almost indistinguishable from the oil-cells of the peel, the pro¬ 
minent difference being that the former had an acid taste. 
Yucca flaccida. —From Mr. Burbidge, Trinity College Garden, 
Dublin, came leaves of this plant, bearing at or near the margin, and 
sometimes from one surface, sometimes from the other, short tubular, 
horn-like processes, the significance of which is not apparent. Dr. 
Masters gave the details of the histological structure of the leaf, the mam 
points of interest being, that in addition to the central row of vascular 
bundles, there are two other series of smaller bundles, one between the 
central bundle and the upper epiderm, the other between the centre and 
the lower epiderm. In the cencral bundles the relation of the xylem 
and phloem is normal, that is to say, the xylem is directed towards the- 
centre of the leaf, the phloem towards the lower epiderm. In the lower 
or outer series of bundles the phloem is external, the xylem central, in 
the upper or inner series the phloem is also external, the xylem internal,, 
so that the section of the central bundles and of the uppermost ones- 
taken together resembles a section of a stem. In the horn-like portions, 
the palisade cells are absent, and the cells are nearly uniform in size- 
and shape, the vascular bundles arranged in a ring, each bundle havingj^ 
its bast towards the periphery, its wood towards the centre. Thus, while 
the flat portion has the structure of a leaf with indications of stem- 
structure also, the horn-like portion assumes completely the appearance- 
of an axis. 
§1 
W/ WOKK.foiitheWEEK.. 
Mg 
FRUIT FORCING. 
Fixes. — Plants Starting into Fruit. —Those which were selected 
about the beginning of last December, and started by an advanced tempe¬ 
rature and an increase of moisture, will now be showing fruit ; and as 
it is advisable to advance the ripening of the fruit of these plants as 
much as possible, the temperature may be maintained at 6.>° to 70° at 
night, and 75° to 80° in the daytime under favourable circumstances,, 
ventilating at 80°, allowing an advance to 85°, and closing at about that 
figure, utilising the sun heat as much as possible. The plants will 
require more water at the roots, examining the whole stock once a week, 
as with increased light and heat the need for water will correspondingly 
increase. Recently started plants co follow those already named should 
have a night temperature of 65° and 70° by day artificially, which will 
be sufficient for them for some time longer. 
Starting Suckers. —Some of these will have to be started at the 
commencement of March to give a succession of fruit from next 
December onwards ; therefore, attend to the preparation of the soil 
for potting, and a fermenting bed in some close structure to generate 
and maintain a bottom heat of 85° to 90° near the surface, and with- 
means of maintaining a temperature of 55° to 65° by fire heat with 
regu'arity. 
Vines. — Farlg Forced in Pots. —These must not sustain any check 
either through dryness at the roots or in the atmosphere. If the roots 
cannot have the run of the fermenting bed place strips of zinc 3 or 
4 inches deep round the top of the pots, inserting them just within the rim, 
and tep-dress with rich turfy loam and decayed manure in equal parts,, 
intermixed with a small handful of superphosphate to each pot, but with 
the pots plunged to the rim in fermenting material; strips of turf about 
3 inches thick should be laid over the rim so as to form the necessary 
dish. Keep them watered with liquid manure a few degrees warmer' 
than the house in which they are growing ; also have the plunging 
material moist, especially w’here the roots are allowed to find their way 
fi'jm the bottom of the pots, there being nothing like plenty of feeders 
to secure well filled berries. Use also liquid manure for watering 
the Vines, not keeping them sodden, but allowing the soil to become 
fairly dry, then afford a plenteous supply. To encourage the swelling 
of the berries keep the laterals below the fruit somewhat closely 
stopped, but allow those above the bunches more liberty, but avoid 
overcrowding the trellis with foliage that cannot have full exposure 
to light. Tne earliest started are stoning, and this is a critical time, 
therefore careful treatment is necessary in ventilating, taking care to- 
avoid cold currents, which cause “ rust ” and harden the epidermis so 
that the berries do not afterwards swell freely and in some varieties 
cause cracking. Ventilate early in the day, affording a little air at 70°,. 
increasing it with the sun heat to 85°, closing at 80°, and if an advance 
follow to 85° or 90° all the better. If red spider appear let the affected 
leaves be promptly sponged with weak softsoap and water, keeping the 
atmosphere duly ammoniated by damping available surfaces occasion¬ 
ally with liquid manure, 1 lb. guano to twenty gallons of water, or 
stable drainings, mostly urine diluted with six times the bulk of w'ater, 
answer well, applying in the evening and not overdoing it, but using 
it discreetly at the rate of a gallon per dozen square yards and always 
on damp not dry surfaces, for it must not take the place of the essential 
damping with water for maintaining a genial condition of the atme- 
spere. Painting the return hot-water pipes with sulphur brought to 
the consistency of thin cream with buttermilk or skim milk is an 
antidote to red spider and mildew. 
Farlg Forced Planted-out Yuie.x. —Houses closed in November and 
the Vines started early in December will need to have the berries 
thinned, in effecting which lose no time as soon as it can be seen which 
berries are properly fertilised by their taking the lead in swelling.. 
Tolerate no surplus bunches; remove badly set and ill-shaped clusters, . 
seeking a full crop of compact, good shaped, well-furnished bunches,. 
