872 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ May 7 , 1891. 
but that the idea would rapidly develop. Natives will not be backward 
in taking up new methods of cultivation if such have been proved to 
them, by means of experiments carried out in Government gardens, to be 
profitable. At present their ways of cultivation are crude and barbarous. 
For instance, the leaves that fall in the autumn and winter from trees 
in orchards are swept awmy and used as fuel. Now in these leaves there 
are all the ingredients for the nourishment of the tree, whilst they also 
prevent the moisture from evaporating too rapidly from the ground. 
Their own fallen leaves go on nourishing the trees for centuries, and an 
■experiment in Lucknow showed how an almost arid bit of ground was 
turned into all but a tropical garden almost entirely by the use of 
surface leafage and irrigation. The leaves were first brought from 
outside, and afterwards the trees themselves provided this surface 
manure, which kept on increasing every year. Another point in which 
natives are very careless is irrigation. They almost invariably give the 
ground too much of it ; probably going on the principle that as they 
pay no more for a lot they may as w’ell have it. Without proper 
drainage the soil gets waterlogged and the trees become miserable and 
perish in a few years. 
What we have written regarding the prospects of increased cultiva¬ 
tion of the Mango applies with equal force to many other hardy and 
irniversally grown fruits, such as the Plantain, the Guava, the Orange, 
the red and white Grape, and the Loqrrat. These trees will grow on 
all soils ; though for the Orange a liunlier or gravelly one is preferable. 
A great benefit to Orange growing is shade, and no tree is better suited 
for this purpose than the “ bair.” Grapes are best grown in localities 
where the rainfall is scanty, or where the monsoon is late, and the best 
variety is a thick-skinned one which resists the bursting action of the 
rains. Guavas may be cultivated to a state of great perfection, and in 
Etawah a species is grown that is almost entirely free from seeds and of 
charming flavour. A fruit garden should be laid out somewhat as 
follows : — A high wall should surround it to keep out jackals and pro¬ 
tect the trees from storms. Inside it a row of “ Jack ” trees should be 
planted, and inside them a row of Mulberry trees, and inside them again 
iSk row of Guava trees. This triple row all round the fruit garden forms 
an admirable screen for breaking the force of hot winds and storms. If 
the ground be extensive it should again be divided into squares and 
rows by avenues of fruit trees, such as Mangoes and Li-chis, which are 
not injured by hot winds. The squares, thus protected, should be 
planted with Plums, Apples, Lemons, Pummeloes, Plantains, Oranges, 
&c. All kinds should not be jumbled into one p'.ot, but a separate plot 
.should be devoted to each kind, so as to suit the canal irrigation to the 
wants of that particular kind of tree. There would then, too, be ample 
space amongst the trees for Pine Apple plants, which prefer a certain 
amount of shade. On these lines a fruit garden should be a great 
^success. Government might be induced to start a public garden on this 
plan, instead of maintaining the costly establishment it now does for 
horticultural gardens, mainly for the supply of vegetables and flowers 
for sale to European residents. 
AURICULAS—THE NORTHERN SHOW. 
The Northern Show of the National Auricula Society was held in 
the New Town Hall, Manchester, on Tuesday, April 28th, in connection 
with the Spring Show of the Botanical Society. Until within three 
days of the Show we had had no spell Avhatever of genial spring rveather 
since the precocious rvarmth of Februa^J^ There had been days of 
bright sunshine in country places, but with a drying bitter wind, and 
with such cold nights that the Auricula, which at this season does its 
‘day’s work largely during the night following, could make little of such 
weather, and stood, as it Avere, anxiously watching for the better times 
that came so late. 
Seeing that some of our groAA'ers live in smoky districts, and others 
n situations much exposed, it aa’us almost wonderful that they had any 
-etlged flowers out at all. Mr. Simonite, aaUo has the edl influences of 
smoke, poisonous gases, and exposure combined to a degree unknoAvn 
outside Sheffield, had scarcely an Auricula floAver open. A late bloom is 
seldom a very long-lived or very good one, and those of us Avho groAV the 
Tulip as well as the Aui icula Avill see the two in floAAmr together, though 
of course Tulips Avill be young and Auriculas old. 
My own situation is both naturally and otherAvise sheltered, but 
■although it is possible to break the pressure of the east wind, nothing 
■can neutralise the subtle searching influence of it. The Auricula 
houses, for the seven years they have stood here, have never had any 
heating apparatus attached to them, because in any season unlike the 
past I have had no need of it, nor used to employ it before, except to 
Iceep the temperature at or about 45° Avhen severe frosts occurred while 
the flowers Avere expanding. Considering the season there Avere quite 
as many floAvers at the Northern Show as could be expected ; and, as at 
the Southern ShoAV, some AAmre in fine character, and some were rough 
and shaken. But for the unusual loss of winter foliage in the drought 
of the long frost, many Avould have made more powerful trusses. The 
winter foliage has very much to do AAuth the elaboration of the floAver 
head, and where that green “ cloth ” is in scant measure, the “ coat ” of 
course is cut accordingly. In cases of severe defoliation plants have 
had to supply themselves AAuth breathing organs by sending up in haste 
and as with a gasjr leaves out of the noAv heart that in ordinary course 
would not have been needed yet.—F. D. Hoener, Hon. Sec. 
Prize List. 
Class A.—Six Auriculas, dissimilar.—First, Rev. F. D. Horner, Avith 
green edges Rev, F. D. Horner (Simonite) and Attraction (Horner); 
grey edge, Thetis (Horner) ; AA'hite edge. Magpie (Horner); seifs, 
Favourite (Horner), dark violet, and Nightshade (Hgrner) dark broAvn. 
Second, Miss Woodhead, AAdth green edges Rev. F. D. Horner and 
Prince of Greens (Traill) ; grey edged, Rachel (Woodhead) ; white 
edges, Mrs. Dodwell (Woodhead) and Acme (Read) ; self, Mrs. Potts 
(Barlow). Third, Mr. T. Lord, Avith green edges. Rev. F. D. Horner 
and Prince of Greens ; grey edge. Geo. Rudd (Woodhead) ; Avhite edge, 
Acme (Read) ; seifs. Heroine (Horner) and Brunette (Pohlman). 
Fourth, Mr. H. Wilson, Halifax. Fifth, Mrs. Kyrke Penson, LudloAA'. 
Sixth, Mr. Irving Hind, Queensbury. Seventh, Mr. Geo. Middleton, 
Prestwich. 
Class B.—Four Auriculas, dissimilar.—First, Mr. H. Wilson, with 
C»l. Taylor (Leigh), green edged ; Geo. Lightbody (Headly), grey edged. 
Miranda (Horner), white edged; Mrs. Potts, self. Second, Rev. 
F. D. Horner, Avith Rev. F. D. Horner, green edged ; Diogenes (Horner), 
grey edged ; Desdemona (Horner), white edged ; Enid (Horner) self. 
Third, Miss Woodhead, Avith Prince of Greens, green edged ; Geo. Rudd, 
grey edge ; Acme, Avhite edge ; Black Bess, self. Fourth, Mr. T. Lord. 
Fifth, Mr. Irving Hind. Sixth, Mrs. Kyrke Penson. Seventh, Mr. Wm. 
Taylor, Middleton. 
Class C.—Dissimilar pairs in variety and class.—First, Mr. Edmund 
Shaw, Moston, with Rev. F. D. Horner, green edge ; and Geo. Light- 
body, grey. Second, Mr. H. \F. Nixon, Leek, Avith Rev. F. D. Horner, 
green edged ; and Heatherbell (Simonite) Avhite edge. Third, 
S. BarloAv, Esq., Stakehill, Avith Geo. Lightbody, grey ; and Heroine, 
self. Fourth, Mr. James Wood, Staleybridge. Fifth, Mr. J. Clements, 
Harborne. Class D.—Pairs for maiden groAvers.—No exhibitors. 
Class F.—Single plants, green edges.—Premium, Rev. F. D. ‘ Horner 
with Green Dragon (Simonite). First, Mrs. Kyrke Penson with Col. 
Taylor. Second, Rev. F. D. Horner Avith Mercury (Horner). Third, 
Rev. F. D. Horner Avith Dragon Fly (Horner). Fourth, Mr. Hy. 
Wilson Avith Col. Taylor. Fifth, Mr. T. Lord Avith Rev. F. D. Horner. 
Sixth, Rev. F. D. Horner AA’ith Lively (Horner). Seventh, Rev. F. D. 
Horner Avith Achilles (Simonite). Eighth, Rev. F. D. Horner with 
Monarch (Horner). 
Class G.—Single plants, grey edges.—Premium, Mrs. Kyrke Penson 
Avith Geo. Lightbody. First, Mrs. Kyrke Penson with ditto. Second, 
Mr. T. Lord AAuth Lancashire Hero. Third, Mr. E. ShaAv with Geo. 
Rudd. Fourth, Mr. Wm. Taylor Avith A. Meiklejohn. Fifth, Mr. E. 
Shaw with R. Headly (Lightbody). Sixth, Mrs. Kyrke Penson Avith 
A. Meiklejohn. Seventh, Mrs. Kyrke Penson with John Waterston 
(Cunningham). Eighth, Miss Woodhead Avith Rachel. 
Class A.—White edges, single plants.—Premium, Rev. F. D. Horner, 
Avith Mrs. DodAvell. First, Rev. F. D. Horner, with Magpie. Second, 
Mr. T. Lord, with Mrs. DodAA'ell. Third, Mrs. Kyrke Penson, with 
Acme. Fourth, Mrs. Kyrke Penson, AA'ith Frank (Simonite). Fifth, 
Mr. T. Lord, with Conservative (Douglas). Sixth, Mrs. K 3 ''rke Penson, 
with Dr. Kidd (Douglas) ; seventh, Avith John Simonite (Walker) ; and 
eighth, with Highland Queen. 
Class I.—Selfs, single plants.—Premium, Rev. F. D. Horner, Avith 
Enchantress (Horner), and first Avith .Juno (Horner), and second AAdth 
Priscilla (Horner), and third with Dusk (Horner), and fourth Avith 
Heroine (Horner), and fifth Avith Mrs. Potts. Sixth, Mrs. Kyrke Pen- 
sou, with Black Boy (seedling). Seventh, Mr. Ed. Shaw-, Avith seedling 
(Shaw). Eighth, Rev. F. D. Horner, with Laura (Horner). 
Premier Auricula of the AA’hole Exhibition, Magpie (Horner) Avhite- 
edged, shoAvn in class A of six Auriculas by Rev. F. D. Horner. 
Al])ine Auriculas .—Class E.—Four Alpines, shaded and dissimilar.— 
First, Mr. T. Beswick. Second, Mr. Chas. Turner. Third, Mr. T. Cle¬ 
ments. Fourth, Mr. H. Geggie. Fifth, Mr. J. EdAA'ards. Sixth, Mr. 
E. Shaw. Seventh, Mr. W. Taylor. 
Class K.—Single plants, Alpines, yelloAv centres.—Premium, Mr. G. 
Thornley. First and second, Mr. C. Turner. Third, Mr. T. Clements. 
Fourth, Mr. T Beswick. Fifth, Mr. C. Turner. 
Class L.—Single plants, Alpines, Avhite centres.—Premium and first, 
Mr. C. Turner. Second, Mr. T. Clements. Third, fourth, and fifth, Mr. 
C. Turner. 
Class M.—Three Polyanthuses, black grounds.—First, Mr. G. Thornley, 
Second, Mr. S. BarloAV. Third, Mr. T. Beswick. 
Class N.—Three Polyanthuses, red grounds.—First, Mr. G. Thornley. 
Second, Mr. W. Taylor. Third, Mr. T. Beswick. 
Class 0.—Single plants Polyanthuses, red grounds.—Premium, first, 
second, third, fourth, and fifth, Mr. G. Thornley. 
Class P.—Single plants. Polyanthuses, black grounds.—Premium, 
Mr. W. Taylor. First and fifth, Mr. G. Thornley. Second and sixth, 
Mr. T. Beswick. Third and seventh, Mr. S. BarloAvn Fourth, Mr. R, 
Dyson. 
In Class R, for tAA’elve Fancy Auriculas ; in Class S, for tAA'elve Fancy 
Polanthuses ; and Class T, for tAA^elve Fancy Primroses, Mr. S. Barlow 
w'as the prizetaker. 
HAYWARDS HEATH SPRING SHOW. 
The first spring Show attempted by the above Society was held in. 
the Public Hall on the 28th and 29th ult. The entries did not quite 
equal expectation, but, all things considered, the promoters have every 
reason to be satisfied with their first experiment. For a small group of 
plants in flower there were five entries. Mr. H. Townsend, gardener to 
E. J. Arbonin, Esq., Lindfield, was a good first with bright AA'ell grown 
plants. Azaleas being the chief feature. Mr. J. Sands, gardener to T. 
Bannister, Esq., Haywards Heath, Mr. W. Upton, gardener to the Rev. 
