420 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ May 21, 189’. 
age of eighteen years and over in Manitoba and the north-west 
territories, with a G-overnment bonus of £3 Is. 8 d. to the head of a 
family, £1 10s. lOd. for the wife and each member of the family 
over twelve years of age, and a further sum of £1 10 '. 101 . to any 
adult member of the family over eighteen years of age taking up 
land ; no rent to pay, no tithes, and only nominal taxes of a few 
dollars. The soil of Manitoba and the North-West is a dark vege- 
table loam of great depth, which the delegates considered capable 
of producing grain for many years to come without the application 
•of manure. The chief crops are Wheat, Oats, and Potatoes. The 
average yield of Wheat is twenty bushels per acre, worth 3s. 4d. 
per bushel, or £3 Gs. 8 d. per acre. In Mr. Arthur Daniel’s report 
this is shown to afford a fair profit, thus :— 
Ploughing . 
Seed . 
Sowing and harrowing 
Cutting and stocking. 
Threshing (twenty bushels) 
Drawing to elevator. 
Binding twine . 
£ s. 
0 G 
0 4 
0 3 
0 4 
0 2 
0 3 
0 2 
d. 
G 
0 
0 
0 
0 
7 
0 
per acre. 
£1 5 1 
m £ s. d. 
Twenty bushels at 3s. 4d. per bu.shel . 3 G 8 
Cost of raising . 1 5 1 
Profit 
... £2 1 
The Oat average is forty bushels an acre, which at Is. Gd. per 
bushel gives £3 as the value of an acre of Oats. 
Cattle raising also appears to answer well, and Mr. Daniels says 
on all the small prairie farms where stock has been raised the 
owners speak very highly of the prairie grass, stating that they 
can raise for six dollars a three-year old steer which will fetch 
thirty-five dollar’s. The popular idea that the cattle are only raised 
on large ranches is wrong. Many are raised by small farmers who 
house them in winter, and it is the mixed corn and cattle farming 
which answers best. 
It will be understood that the corn averages given are intended 
to convey an idea of what the soil will produce in its virgin state. 
Many examples might be cited of crops of both Wheat and Oats of 
more than double the average under fair cultivation. 
Evidently all the delegates were convinced that there is a fine 
field for labourers and small farmers in Manitoba and the North- 
West Mr. Edwards says the Manitoba and North-Western 
Eailway Company offers every inducement to settlers by advancing 
money or at least its value in the shape of working oxen, cattle, 
implements of husbandry, provision, seed, corn, and Potatoes, and 
breaking up of 10 acres ready to receive the seed in spring. If 
neccessary they will advance money for passage and maintenance 
on the way to the extent of £40 for each family ; they will also 
build a house of two or more rooms at an outlay of £15 to £25, 
allowing the settler fifteen years or more to repay the amount. 
Eight per cent, interest is charged for this loan, two years’ interest 
from the 1st of November next after taking up a homestead being 
added to the capital, allowing the settler 2 j years before he pays 
any interest. Security is taken in the shape of a mortgage upon 
the land, and the settler s note of hand is sufficient for any stock 
or implements he may require. The rate of interest appears to 
be high, but the farmer has the advantage of buying everything 
for cash, and if he is persevering he can pay off the bulk, if not 
the whole, in five or six years, and the Company are prepared 
to receive any small instalment in reduction of the amount, the 
interest upon it ceasing from date of payment. 
Mr. Edwards says also that the oldest settlements in Manitoba 
much resemble those of Ontario, and a new settler will find there 
plenty of hospitable and kind neighbours, willing to give assistance 
in erecting a homestead or imparting information that will prove 
of value to the new comer, so that in a few months he feels quite 
at home among his new friends. 
Mr. G-eorge Hutchinson says the farmer who has made up his 
luind to seek a home on Canadian soil will find in either Manitoba 
or the old provinces plenty of scope for his energies. He wifi, 
have the advantage of being nearer England than in any of her 
other Colonies, and will go to a laud of immense mineral as well as 
agricultural resources yet to be developed—a land that has a great 
future before it. 
Any man ought to to go to Manitoba and the North-West who 
has made up his mind to emigrate, and is not afraid of hard work 
and a few discomforts for a few years, especially one whose family 
is old enough to be of some use upon the farm. No doubt there 
are many drawbacks to be encountered, many hardships to be 
endured, but not one that a little pluck and perseverance will not 
overcome, and none that will not be amply compensated for by the 
comfort and independence to be gained after a few years. 
We might go on with quotations in a similar strain from each 
report, but we have said enough to show how worthy of the 
attention of those who intend emigrating the reports are. There 
can be no doubt that they are thoroughly reliable, and copies can 
be had post free by writing to Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., High 
Commissioner for Canada, 17, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 
WORK ON THE HOME FARM. 
Land laid down to permanent pasture this spriiag without a corn 
crop has been watched closely, a couple of boys being found necessary to 
keep off small birds from a large field, and the boys themselves have re¬ 
quired looking after, the temptation to get together being apparently 
irresistible. It is worth all the trouble to thus protect the seed from the 
ravages of birds, and when the plant is nicely above the surface a turn 
or two with a roller does much good. Our aim in sowing this seed with¬ 
out a corn crop was to obtain a well knit useful pasture as quickly as 
possible. The plan we have so often advised of folding with lambs will 
be begun on it when the lambs are weaned in June. Small folds 
changed daily will be used, our aim being to utilise the feed and enrich 
the soil without harm to the plant. The folding will, be repeated at 
intervals as necessary till about the first or second week* in October, 
when the new pasture will have stock withdrawn from it for the 
winter. 
Successional crops of Tares continue to be sown in view of being used 
for folding for cows and cattle on pasture and for horses in yards. Well 
indeed will it be if feed continues so abundant that we can afford to 
plough in a field or two of Tares to enrich the soil for winter corn. This 
will be done upon the assumption that Tares obtain nitrogen from the 
air in common with all leguminous plants, but it must not be forgotten 
that in poor soils an addition of phosphorus is required when the corn is 
sown. Rape should also be sown now for folding for Wheat, and the 
land should also be got ready for the sowing of Maize early in June. 
We intend ploughing in a second growth of Rye for this purpose, which 
has been folded closely by ewes and lambs. No more useful crop than 
Green Maize have we for autumn feeding, and none which answers 
better for heavy dressings of manure. It comes into use just when our 
pastures are so frequently parched by drought, and with such crops of it 
as we have had of from twenty to thirty tons per acre its high value can 
hardly be overrated. We would urge upon all of our readers south of 
the Trent to give it a trial this season, and if they sow in rich land and 
keep off the rooks they may expect a very useful forage crop. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
CAMDEN SQUARE, LONDON. 
Lat. 51° 32' 40" N.; Long. 0° 8' 0" W.; Altitude, 111 leet. 
DATE. 
9 AM. 
IN THE DAY. 
Rain 
1891. 
May. 
g2”g: 
Hygrome¬ 
ter. 
d . 
0x3 
^9 d 
So 
S 
s cCpH 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature. 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
snn. 
On 
^H’ass 
Sunday.10 
Monday. 11 
Tuesday .... 12 
Wednesday.. 13 
Thursday,.,. 14 
Friday .15 
Saturday'.... 16 
Inches. 
29.791 
30.016 
30.241 
30.172 
3').091 
29.716 
29.763 
deg. 
48.0 
58.4 
56.2 
66.3 
.58.3 
62.3 
44.9 
deg. 
47.4 
51.4 
62.2 
68.9 
63.7 
45.0 
41.8 
N, 
N. 
N. 
N. 
K.E. 
W. 
W. 
deg. 
61.0 
60.1 
62.9 
65.7 
67.2 
67.2 
54.3 
deg. 
69.0 
71.1 
79.7 
80.2 
70.3 
68.0 
49.9 
deg. 
46.2 
47.0 
46.1 
62.1 
61.9 
43.1 
36.2 
deg. 
95.6 
118.9 
118.9 
123.7 
121.1 
112.9 
97.4 
deg. 
46.6 
47.2 
43.4 
45.3 
45.3 
37.3 
32.9 
In. 
0.2.'U 
0.076 
29.970 
54.9 50.3 
1 64.1 
67.6 
46.1 
112.5 1 42.6 
0.310 
REMARKS. 
10th.—Dull and cool throughout. 11 th.—Bright, fine, and warm. 
12th.—Bright and hot. 13th.—Bright and hot. 
14th.—Overcast till 11 A.M., then bright and fine. 
15th,—A wild day, high wind thr nghout; brilliant till 10 AM., and at times after; 
heavy showers of rain and soft hail 0.15 P.M., 1PM, 4 P.M., 5.45 P.M , and 7.30 P.M.; 
one vivid flash of lightning and loud thunder at 1.1 P.M., and thunder at 4 P.M. 
ICth.—Bright at times, but frequent showers, and heavy showers of soft hall at 11 AM. 
and 6.15 P.M. 
A remarkable week. “ Three hot days and a thunderstorm ” have been followed by 
frequent showers of hail, bringing the temperature down to nearly freezing point on 
Saturday morning, and subsequently considerably below it; but in spite of this the 
average temperature for the whole week was dec dedly above the mean.—fJ. J. SYMONS 
