JOURN'AL or HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. [ Jun« 25. is 9 i.- 
504 
be given; but I have seen instances in wLioh these frequent 
waterings were carried toa fir, with the result that the plants 
suddenly collapsed. Due care therefore must be exercised to find 
out the true condi ion of the soil. Because a plant required water 
twice or thrice yesterday and the day previous that is no reason 
why it should require as many applications each day. A slight 
change in the aridity of the atmosphere, the amount of moisture, 
or the growth determine the necessity for a greater or less supply 
of water. With plants that require water more than once a day, 
after the first dai'y application is given the safe course to follow, 
if any doubt is entertained about giving the next supply, is to 
allow the soil to become slightly drier than at the previous 
watering, and by watching closely the effect this little variation has 
on the appearance of the plant will be a useful lesson in watering, 
and a continual succession of these useful lessons must be constantly 
going on to enable anyone to become an expert in the work, and so 
changing and varied are the conditions under which watering has to 
be conducted that even experts, to be generally successful, must be 
students as well.” 
Since the above remarks were written rain has fallen more or 
less plentifully in some districts, much good having been thereby 
done ; but much good water was wasted through lack of tanks 
for storage. 
APPLE SCAB—CRACKING IN PEARS. 
( Concluded from page 493.') 
Now, it must be observed that this ammoniacal carbonate of 
copper solution is at the rate of 1 oz. carbonate of copper to 
10 gallons of water. This is very strong and double the strength 
at which it is safe to use it on Apple or Pear foliage in a moist 
climate where the foliage is of necessity tender textured. The 
strength recommended no doubt answered well on trees in the dry 
atmosphere of Washington, but in Winconsin, with the moisture 
of the lakes, Mr. E. S. Goff found a lessened quantity successful ; 
in fact, the quantity of carbonate of copper is not more than 
1 oz. to 20 gallons of water, as will be seen from the following 
taken from “the seventh annual report of the Agricultural 
Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin,” which con- 
tains^^a report by Mr. E. S. Goff on the “prevention of Apple 
scab. The solution used was composed of “ 1| oz. of carbonate 
of copper, 1 quart of liquid ammonia, and 90 quarts of water.” 
The trees were sprayed seven times, commencing May 18th, at 
which time the petals had all fallen from the flowers and the 
young fruits little larger than peas. The sprayings were repeated 
on May 30th, June 4th, June 17th, July 1st, July 24tb, and 
August 10th. Other preparations were used—viz., soda hyposul¬ 
phite, potassium sulphide, sulphur and lime in suspension, and a 
liquid solution of sulphur ; but though benefit were derived from 
all the ammoniacal carbonate of copper solution showed best 
result. The trees on which it was used gave the following per¬ 
centages First quality fruits, 75 0 ; second quality fruits, 23 4 ; 
third quality fruits, UG. Unsprayed trees gave :—First quality 
:^uits, 23'3 ; second quality fruits, 54 0 ; third quality fruits, 22‘7. 
This IS very satisfactory, but Mr. Goff states that “ owing to the 
very abundant and frequent rains during June our work did not 
show as well the past season as in the season of 1889.” 
The carbonate of copper used in the above experiments is 
1 oz. to 20 gallons or water, or 1^ oz. to 22i gallons of water. 
Amateurs wishing to give it a trial may use one-eighth oz. car¬ 
bonate of copper, dissolving in 4 ozs. of liquid ammonia, and 
diluting with 10 quarts of water—2i gallons. Prof. Taft, Michigan 
Agricultural College, advises a modified formula of Eau Celeste, 
and different from the Eau Celeste modified formula of Mr. 
Galloway Farmer’s Bulletin No. 4, United States Department of 
Agriculture, 1891 ; therefore I give both. Mr. Galloway’s “Eau 
Celeste, modified formula.—Dissolve 4 lbs. of copper sulphate in 
10 or 12 gallons of water, add 3 pints of strong ammonia, dilute to 
50 gallons, and add 5 lbs. of common washing soda. Stir thoroughly, 
and the solution is ready for use.” This is not recommended for 
Apple scab, but is given as showing the difference in strength re- 
comnaended by different individuals in different localities, and as 
pointing to the need of growers exercising judgment in the use of 
fungicides. 
With respect to Eau Celeste for Apple scab Prof. Taft states : 
In a favourable season I think you would have best results from 
perhaps three applications of modified Eau Celeste, made by 
qissolying 2 lbs, copper sulphate in one vesse', 2 lbs. carbonate of 
soda in another, pouring together and adding 1 pint of 20° 
ammonia and 32 gallons of water. If it comes off cold and wet. 
just before the blossoms open I should spray them. Never spray 
while in blossom on account of the bees. You will find this an 
insecticide, but 1 am not sure whether it can be relied on to destroy 
the codlin motb. Never add any arsenite to the fungicide, as tha 
ammonia will dissolve it and the foliage will be injured.” 
Mr. E. S. Goff, of the University of Wisconsin, advises those^ 
who are sprajing with Paris green for the codlin moth and cater¬ 
pillars to add also precipitated copper carbonate powder to the^ 
water in the proportion of 1 ounce to 25 gallons. Thi» seems to* 
me just the thing to use in this country for the destruction) 
of Apple scab. Pear crack fungi, leaf-eating caterpillars and' 
codlin moth grub. We do not want such strong doses as are 
necessary in the hotter climate of America, bat the question is;. 
Will the carbonate of copper suspended in water prove as efficient 
as that dissolved in ammonia ? or is not the dissolving of arsenite 
a myth ? I cannot understand how Paris green is to escape- 
dissolving in water. It may be urged that it does not remain, 
long enough, or that there is next to no ammonia in water, but. 
there is some, and that must dissolve some arsenite. Then there 
is the ammonia descending in rain and ammonia ever present in 
the air. Then how are we to account for the greater potency of 
Paris-green paste as compared with powder ? Surely we are not 
to ignore the solvent power of rain on arsenite, nor exclude the. 
part solved from inimically acting on fungi. Indeed it seems to 
my limited vision that we have little to fear from the dissolving" 
of arsenite, and only need to do it and use more water, and 
prevent and destroy fungi and insects with one substance and one 
labour. In the “ Canadian Horticulturist ” (May 18 j 1, p. 133) it 
is stated :—“ Gooseberry Mildew.—Mr. A. Morton, of Brampton, 
has experimented with ammoniacal Paris green for Gooseberry)- 
mildew, and has found it quite effective. He dissolves one-half tei- 
spoonful of Paris-green in ammonia, mixes it in 5 gallons of 
water and sprays it upon the bushes.” 
In the Journal of Horticulture of May 18th, 1891, page 434, 
spraying Gooseberry bushes with Paris green for the destruction of 
red spider and caterpillars is recorded to have been practised 
successfully as regards destroying the pests, and no one seems as- 
yet to have been poisoned. But the infinitessimal quantity of 
arsenite dissolved in this country is very small compared with, 
the quantity that is dissolved on the continents of Europe and 
America and sent to us in the shape of imported fruit. What we 
have had and what we may expect are different things, but it may 
be stated that Paris green has long been used on the continent as a. 
remedy for black fly (Aphis cerasi) on Cherries, and “ dolphin ” 
on Beans. This is all nothing compared with what we are to have 
from Canada if the recommendation contained in Bulletin No. U' 
of the Central Experimental Farm Department of Agriculture, 
Ottawa, Canada—“ Treatment of Apple Scab, Grape and Goose-- 
berry Mildew ”—is followed. Mr. Graig recommends a trial of 
“ carbonate of copper, 1|- oz. ; ammonia, 1J pint ; Paris green 1J oz. ; 
water twenty-five gallons,” as a combined fungicide and insecticide. 
This looks like business, and so far as I can see we might just as- 
well dispense with the copper altogether, and trust to the dissolved' 
Paris green, for there is not a thing living that arsenite will not. 
kill. It is only a question of finding out what quantity to use for 
the destruction of fungi and insects without injuring the foliage of 
the trees, or causing so much to be absorbed by the fruit as wilF 
not injure these eating it. 
But to return to scab in Apples and cracking in Pears, Mr.. 
Graig recommends an ammoniacal carbonate of copper solution ;— 
“ Carbonate of copper, 8 ozs. ; ammonia, one gallon ; water,, 
100 gallons : or, carbonate of copper, 2 ozs.; strong liquid ammonia, 
one quart ; dissolve the copper in the ammonia, pour into a barrel, 
and add twenty-five gallons of water,” These solutions are to be* 
sprayed on in June or July. I think some remarks are demanded 
in respect of the quantities of copper recommended to be used for 
the prevention and destruction of Apple scab fungus. To recapi¬ 
tulate, Mr. Galloway advises 1 oz. carbonate of copper to ten gallons- 
of water ; Mr. Goff, 1 oz. to twenty gallons ; Mr. Graig, 1 oz. to* 
twelve and a half gallons. These varying proportions are, very 
interesting and instructive. The first has to deal with a dry climate,, 
the second with a comparatively moist, and the latter with a 
more dry than moist. Those considerations account for the 
discrepancies. 
But the most remarkable feature is the recommendation by 
Prof. Taft of Eau Celeste for the Apple scale. The Apple, though, 
the commonest and hardiest of our fruit trees, is most susceptible 
of injury from fungicides or insecticides. It detects anything 
strong, and bears more ills in the shape of fungi and insects 
than any other fruit tree, excepting the Vine. Professor Taft 
seems to have hit upon the right thing for the Apple in a moist 
climate. The solution is not quite a three-quarter per cent, of 
